Collection of Infinite Products and Series

   Dr. Andreas Dieckmann, Physikalisches Institut der Uni Bonn

InfProd_1.png

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My interest in infinite products has its origin in the year 2000 in connection with the problem of the electrical field of a
line charge trapped inside a rectangular tube. After I learned that the double product can be solved using
elliptic theta functions I was hooked. The site has been growing ever since, and its focus has been expanded
to include Series as well.

These pages list thousands of expressions like products, sums, relations and limits shown in the following sections:

-  Infinite Products

-  Products involving Theta Functions

-  Other formulae and curiosities including sums of hyperbolic and inverse tangent (arctan) functions and q - series

-  q-Series

-  special values of EllipticK and EllipticE

-  Series of Hyperbolic Functions

-  Series of CosIntegral

-  Sums involving reciprocal multifactorials or factorials

-  Multiple Sums (lattice sums)

-  diverse Series

-  Series of Logarithms

-  Series of Inverse Tangents ( Arcustangent )

-  Series of Bessel Functions

-  Series of Legendre Polynomials

-  Series of Zeta PolyGamma PolyLog and related

-  Series of Beta Functions

-  Series of Gamma Functions

-  Series involving HarmonicNumber

-  Series involving Hypergeometric Functions

-  some Limits

-  a few Integrals

-  iterated expressions ( Tetration )

-  some properties of ProductLog LerchPhi and PolyLog

{j, n, m} are Integer; {λ, q} > 0 and r are real; {z, InfProd_3.png, InfProd_4.png, InfProd_5.png, InfProd_6.png} may be complex; Γ[a] is  Gamma[a];
InfProd_7.png], InfProd_8.png] are shorthands for the Elliptic Integrals,
sl[x]  cl[x] and ϖ (CurlyPi) denote the lemniscate functions and constant InfProd_9.png;
the notation Σ’ means that the divergent term in multiple sums is excluded.
There are  products that possess pointlike poles, where the denominator of a factor gets zero for certain
values of z. The given domains may not be complete. Some of the expressions are well known,
others may be not; some were found in the depths of the world wide web, the first are derived
from the first product below.

any formula you decide to use should be numerically tested for validity in the users domain  ←

Expressions communicated by other people are marked with (R#) and are referenced below at the bottom.

Infinite Products : ( Back to Top )

InfProd_10.png

This product converges and delivers infinite product representations for many functions if the {a, b, c, d} are
replaced by constants and simple functions of z :

InfProd_11.png

InfProd_12.png

InfProd_13.png

InfProd_14.png

InfProd_15.png

InfProd_16.png

InfProd_17.png

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InfProd_21.png

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InfProd_37.png

InfProd_38.gif

InfProd_39.png

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InfProd_47.png

InfProd_48.png

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InfProd_50.gif

InfProd_51.png

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InfProd_53.png

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InfProd_57.png

InfProd_58.png

InfProd_59.png

InfProd_60.png

InfProd_61.png

InfProd_62.png

InfProd_63.png

Products of two Gammas :

InfProd_64.png

InfProd_65.gif

InfProd_66.png

InfProd_67.png

InfProd_68.png

Partial Fraction Decompositions :

InfProd_69.png

General expression :

InfProd_70.png

some special cases (all having m = 1, except where noted otherwise):

Order 2:

InfProd_71.png

most common  case (a quadratic binomial), with  InfProd_72.png  and  InfProd_73.png:

InfProd_74.png

Decomposition of the general quadratic trinomial applying the shorthands

InfProd_75.png

gives

InfProd_76.png

Order 3:

InfProd_77.png

With 3 abbreviations

InfProd_78.png

the general cubic multinomial  can be written in terms of first order in x:

InfProd_79.png

Order 4:

A simple one :

InfProd_80.png

Decomposition according to the general formula above :

InfProd_81.png

And at last using these 9  subexpressions

InfProd_82.gif

the general multinomial  of 4th order (n = 4) looks  like (expressed again in terms of  first order in x):

InfProd_83.png

  InfProd_84.png as simple function of k :

Decomposition of  finite products into power series

InfProd_85.png

The general case (r determines the start index of the product, the coefficients of x are called r - Stirling Numbers of the first Kind e.g. Oeis: A143493) :

InfProd_86.png

InfProd_87.png

InfProd_88.png

InfProd_89.png

InfProd_90.png

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InfProd_92.gif

InfProd_93.png

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Special cases with m = 0 :

InfProd_95.png

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InfProd_97.png

InfProd_98.png

InfProd_99.png

q - Product (0 < q < 1) :

InfProd_100.png

Two kinds of decomposition of the same product :

InfProd_101.gif

The form of the original product returns in the coefficients of the second decomposition sum, so there is a recurring structure, like :

InfProd_102.png

InfProd_103.png

(left hand side taken from the general expression for partial fractions above) equations like given for instance in the next line are valid for different functions f[k] :

InfProd_104.png

If f[k] = InfProd_105.png  then (0 < x)

InfProd_106.png

InfProd_107.png

or if f[k] = InfProd_108.png  then

InfProd_109.png

InfProd_110.png

InfProd_111.png

InfProd_112.png

InfProd_113.png

InfProd_114.png

InfProd_115.png

More Products :

The maximum of the next function is found at InfProd_116.png | f InfProd_117.png)) =  InfProd_118.png,  its zeros on the positive (negative) axis are the odd (even) Integers and in general f[z] = f[-z-1] :

InfProd_119.png

InfProd_120.png

InfProd_121.png

InfProd_122.png

InfProd_123.png

InfProd_124.png

InfProd_125.png

InfProd_126.png

InfProd_127.gif

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InfProd_139.png

InfProd_140.png

InfProd_141.png

InfProd_142.png

Euler’s product :

InfProd_143.png

InfProd_144.png

InfProd_145.png

The idea for the following product is taken from: Symmetry 2022, 14, 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14071418 .

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For a large value of m >> n the next product approximates a Gauss function InfProd_155.png with standard deviation InfProd_156.png :

InfProd_157.png

The agreement of the above approximation for m  > InfProd_158.png increases with j and the error is smaller than InfProd_159.png in the intervall (0 < n < 4InfProd_160.png) .

InfProd_161.png

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InfProd_163.png

InfProd_164.png

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InfProd_167.png

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Products of trig functions :

InfProd_169.png

InfProd_170.gif

Vieta' s product (set x → π/2 in the first product of Cos above)  was maybe the first (anno 1593) documented infinite product.
It was obtained by taking the ratio of the area of the square inscribed  in a circle of radius r to the area of a InfProd_171.png-polygon (built from InfProd_172.png isosceles triangles) inscribed into the same circle
InfProd_173.png,
beginning with n = 2. It ends up at n = ∞, where the area of the polygon is equal to the area of the circle with
InfProd_174.png.

InfProd_175.png

Vieta’s product can be rewritten by pulling the factors 1/2 inside the following square root factors :

InfProd_176.png

and may then be compared to its lemniscatic cousin, where the multiplications inside the square roots are changed to divisions:

InfProd_177.png

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InfProd_190.gif

InfProd_191.png

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InfProd_207.png

InfProd_208.gif

InfProd_209.png

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InfProd_222.png

InfProd_223.png

InfProd_224.png

InfProd_225.gif

Products containing factors built from all primes p:

InfProd_226.png

Special  values :

InfProd_227.png

Special  rational  values :

InfProd_228.png

Products involving Theta Functions    ( Back to Top )

InfProd_229.png is shorthand for EllipticTheta[n, z, q] and InfProd_230.png means EllipticThetaPrime[m, z, q].

InfProd_231.png

Series and Product Representations :

InfProd_232.png

InfProd_233.png

InfProd_234.png

InfProd_235.png

InfProd_236.png

InfProd_237.png

InfProd_238.png

InfProd_239.png

With  InfProd_240.png[ 0 , q ] a few relations between the theta functions are

InfProd_241.gif

InfProd_242.png

InfProd_243.png

InfProd_244.png

InfProd_245.png

InfProd_246.png

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InfProd_248.png

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These limits give "needles" of height ±1 situated at the extreme values of Cos or Sin respectively (n∼1/(4λ)) :

InfProd_250.png

InfProd_251.png

Approximation of quotients (0.4 < λ) :

InfProd_252.gif

InfProd_253.png

InfProd_254.png

Partial differential equation (pde) :

InfProd_255.png

EllipticThetas with imaginary argument :

InfProd_256.png

With z → 0 this reduces to

InfProd_257.png

Half Lambda :

InfProd_258.png

InfProd_259.png

InfProd_260.png

InfProd_261.png

InfProd_262.png

InfProd_263.png

Double Lambda :

InfProd_264.gif

InfProd_265.png

Other relations :

InfProd_266.png

InfProd_267.png

From an equation involving Eisenstein series InfProd_268.png and InfProd_269.png InfProd_270.png and their connection to theta functions:

InfProd_271.png

Square and square root of q :

InfProd_272.png

InfProd_273.png

Double Argument  (Landen), -  see above for double  InfProd_274.png)  and half  InfProd_275.pngLambda - :

InfProd_276.png

InfProd_277.png

InfProd_278.png

InfProd_279.png

Half Argument :

InfProd_280.png

InfProd_281.png

InfProd_282.png

InfProd_283.png

Proportionality of imaginary and real part of InfProd_284.png ,  InfProd_285.png and  InfProd_286.png with real argument  and imaginary nome:

InfProd_287.png

Derivatives with respect to q :

InfProd_288.png

InfProd_289.png

InfProd_290.png

InfProd_291.png

With help of the pde above is (second or third derivative with respect to the argument z at z = 0) :

InfProd_292.png

For  integrals of the elliptic theta functions scroll to the bottom of :

Table of Definite Integrals

Series of theta functions :

InfProd_295.png

InfProd_296.png

InfProd_297.png

Now InfProd_298.png may be extracted out of the sum because of its periodicity (see table below)
InfProd_299.png
{0.554084,-0.554084,0.554084,-0.554084,0.554084,-0.554084,0.554084,-0.554084,0.554084,-0.554084,0.554084}

and the remaining sum can be done :

InfProd_300.png

InfProd_301.png

After letting q = InfProd_302.png and some algebra this may be generalized to :

InfProd_303.gif

Infinite sums of elliptic theta functions multiplied with some function f[k] depending on k (as the theta functions are periodic, they may be - up to a sign - be drawn out of the sum) :

InfProd_304.png

Series representation of ratios of theta functions :

InfProd_305.png

InfProd_306.png

InfProd_307.png

The following double products numerically converge best if k ≫ n.

InfProd_308.png

InfProd_309.png

Double product representation of the single theta functions :

InfProd_310.png

InfProd_311.png

InfProd_312.png

InfProd_313.png

If the product over k is done first then products remain containing Tanh or Coth :

InfProd_314.png

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InfProd_316.png

InfProd_317.png

InfProd_318.png

InfProd_319.png

InfProd_320.png

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The theta functions may be expressed through each other :

InfProd_322.png

and exhibit a kind of double periodicity ({m, n} ∈ Z) :

InfProd_323.png

Products with factors made up of powers or square roots of ratios of integers :

InfProd_324.png

InfProd_325.png

InfProd_326.png

InfProd_327.png

InfProd_328.png

InfProd_329.png

InfProd_330.png

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InfProd_332.png

InfProd_333.png

InfProd_334.gif

InfProd_335.png

InfProd_336.png

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InfProd_338.png

InfProd_339.png

InfProd_340.png

The next product featuring the lemniscatic constant appears in a similar form compared to the Wallis product directly above (isn’t that amazing ?) :

InfProd_341.png

Both ((*1*) and (*2*)) describe a certain property of members of the family of clover curves given by the polar equation

InfProd_342.png

where r and θ denote the polar coordinates of a point on the curve  (m = 1: Cardioid, m = 2: circle, m = 3: three-leaf-clover, m = 4: lemniscate, m = 5: five-leaf-clover…).
Their principal parts are located inside a cone of width θ = {-π/m, π/m} while the respective arclengths (at r = 1) of the positive half a ‘clover leaf’ can be nicely expressed in form of a Wallis - type product as:

InfProd_343.png

cf.  Hyde: A Wallis product on clovers.

For m up to 5 the arclengths of the half leaves are explicitly:

InfProd_344.png

The quotient of (*2*)/(*1*) is :

InfProd_345.png

and  (*1*)/(*2*) now running from k = 0  gives :

InfProd_346.png

The next Wallis - type product describes the area under a superellipse expresssed by  InfProd_347.png with a = b = 1 inside the first quadrant:

InfProd_348.png

A few values of the product above for integer s from 1 to 6 are

InfProd_349.png

where InfProd_350.png = InfProd_351.png is the real half - period of the Weierstrass elliptic function with invariants g2 = 0, g3 = 1.

InfProd_352.png

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Trigonometric and hyperbolic Products :

InfProd_364.png

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InfProd_376.png

InfProd_377.png

InfProd_378.png

InfProd_379.png

With  m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[Exp[-π λ]] and K[m] = EllipticK[m] :   

InfProd_380.png

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q - Products :

In the following is ( 0 < q < 1 ) and InfProd_405.png[ 0 , q ] ,   (InfProd_406.png[ 0 , q ] =InfProd_407.png[ 0 , - q ] ) :

InfProd_408.png

InfProd_409.png

m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[q] and K[m] = EllipticK[InverseEllipticNomeQ[q]].

InfProd_410.png

InfProd_411.gif

InfProd_412.png

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InfProd_443.png

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m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[q], K[m] = EllipticK[InverseEllipticNomeQ[q]] and E[m] = EllipticE[InverseEllipticNomeQ[q]]:

InfProd_445.png

InfProd_446.png

InfProd_447.png

InfProd_448.png

InverseEllipticNomeQ m[q], K[m[q]] and E[m[q]] expressed through infinite products or theta functions:

InfProd_449.gif

InfProd_450.png

InfProd_451.png

InfProd_452.png

InfProd_453.pngInfProd_454.png and InfProd_455.png can be expressed through m[q] , K[m[q]] and E[m[q]] :

InfProd_456.png

and similarly :

InfProd_457.png

and :

InfProd_458.png

and from combining the above like :

InfProd_459.png

we get :

InfProd_460.png

as q is getting larger than InfProd_461.png the branch cut of K and E is crossed, so the continuous and smooth complex functions are built from two parts :

InfProd_462.png

or turned the other way round :

InfProd_463.png

InfProd_464.png

If the result of the imaginary transformation doesn't seem right, consider the following points :
• If in the resulting formula a sign change of the imaginary part as function of q occurs under a square root ( at q = Exp[- π / 2] ) then the square root may take the other sign
• Logs with complex arguments may end up on a wrong branch, try replacing Log[...] with Log[...] + n 2 π i

Theta Functions (z = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4) expressed through EllipticK and m :

InfProd_465.png InfProd_466.png InfProd_467.png InfProd_468.png
InfProd_469.png InfProd_470.png InfProd_471.png InfProd_472.png
InfProd_473.png InfProd_474.png InfProd_475.png InfProd_476.png
InfProd_477.png InfProd_478.png InfProd_479.png InfProd_480.png
InfProd_481.png InfProd_482.png InfProd_483.png InfProd_484.png
InfProd_485.png InfProd_486.png InfProd_487.png InfProd_488.png
InfProd_489.png InfProd_490.png InfProd_491.png InfProd_492.png
InfProd_493.png InfProd_494.png InfProd_495.png InfProd_496.png

Series expansion of InverseEllipticNomeQ :

InfProd_497.png

With nome q = InfProd_498.png the complementary nome is q’ InfProd_499.png= InfProd_500.png. The following development shows convergence for InfProd_501.png < q, because q’ is rapidly approaching zero with increasing q < 1 :

InfProd_502.png

Connection of InverseEllipticNomeQ to ModularLambda :

InfProd_503.png

InfProd_504.pngInfProd_505.png (n) in Wikipedia (see ' modular lambda function') .

InfProd_506.png

Special values of InfProd_507.png (n) :

InfProd_508.png

Specific Values :

InfProd_509.png

InfProd_510.png

InfProd_511.png

InfProd_512.png

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InfProd_517.png

InfProd_518.gif

InfProd_519.png

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InfProd_521.png

InfProd_522.png

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InfProd_525.png

InfProd_526.png

A special (remarkable) relation :

InfProd_527.png

InfProd_528.png

InfProd_529.png

InfProd_530.png

InfProd_531.png

EllipticNomeQ :

Series expansion and approximation :

InfProd_532.png

InfProd_533.png

Square and square root of the nomen :

InfProd_534.png

Specific Values :

q[m[#]] = #; from specific values of InverseEllipticNomeQ above like for example q[ m[InfProd_535.png] ]  =  q[ InfProd_536.png]  =InfProd_537.png;

Ramanujans g functions:

InfProd_538.png and InfProd_539.png are Ramanujans g functions, m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[ InfProd_540.png]  (for each n ∈ Integer  the even g and the odd G seem to show a somewhat simpler structure than their counterparts) :

InfProd_541.png

InfProd_542.png

InfProd_543.png

InfProd_544.png

InfProd_545.png

InfProd_546.png

InfProd_547.png

InfProd_548.png

InfProd_549.png

InfProd_550.png

InfProd_551.png

InfProd_552.png

InfProd_553.png

products with q = InfProd_554.png :

m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[InfProd_555.png],  InfProd_556.png = InfProd_557.png[0, InfProd_558.png] :

InfProd_559.png

InfProd_560.png

InfProd_561.png

InfProd_562.png

special cases :

InfProd_563.png

InfProd_564.png

InfProd_565.png

InfProd_566.png

InfProd_567.png

InfProd_568.png

InfProd_569.png

InfProd_570.png

InfProd_571.png

InfProd_572.png

InfProd_573.png

InfProd_574.png

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InfProd_576.png

InfProd_577.png

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InfProd_579.png

InfProd_580.png

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InfProd_583.png

InfProd_584.png

InfProd_585.png

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InfProd_587.png

InfProd_588.png

InfProd_589.png

InfProd_590.png

Theta Functions, specific values :

InfProd_591.png

InfProd_592.png

InfProd_593.png

InfProd_594.png

InfProd_595.png

InfProd_596.gif

InfProd_597.gif

InfProd_598.png

InfProd_599.gif

InfProd_600.gif

InfProd_601.png

InfProd_602.png

InfProd_603.png

InfProd_604.png

InfProd_605.png

InfProd_606.png

InfProd_607.png

InfProd_608.png

InfProd_609.png

InfProd_610.png

InfProd_611.png

InfProd_612.png

InfProd_613.png

InfProd_614.png

InfProd_615.png

InfProd_616.png

InfProd_617.png

InfProd_618.png

InfProd_619.png

InfProd_620.png

InfProd_621.png

InfProd_622.png

InfProd_623.gif

InfProd_624.png

Beauty meets well-tempered music…;-) ↓

InfProd_625.png

InfProd_626.png

InfProd_627.png

InfProd_628.png

InfProd_629.png

InfProd_630.png

InfProd_631.png

InfProd_632.png

InfProd_633.png

InfProd_634.png

InfProd_635.png

InfProd_636.png

InfProd_637.png

InfProd_638.png

InfProd_639.png

InfProd_640.png

InfProd_641.png

InfProd_642.png

InfProd_643.png

InfProd_644.png

InfProd_645.png

InfProd_646.png

InfProd_647.png

InfProd_648.png

InfProd_649.png

InfProd_650.png

InfProd_651.png

InfProd_652.png

InfProd_653.png

InfProd_654.png

Other formulae and curiosities including sums of hyperbolic and inverse tangent (arctan) functions and q - series:   ( Back to Top )

The following double sums numerically converge best if k ≫ n. For numerical checks the finite lower limit should be increased by 1 in case the running index is shifted by -1/2.
ϑ ‘’ represents the second derivative of ϑ (x,q) with respect to x, eg: InfProd_655.png means InfProd_656.png.

The double series converge best numerically if k >> n.

InfProd_657.png

InfProd_658.png

InfProd_659.png

InfProd_660.png

InfProd_661.png

InfProd_662.png

InfProd_663.png

InfProd_664.png

InfProd_665.png

InfProd_666.png

InfProd_667.png

InfProd_668.png

InfProd_669.png

InfProd_670.png

InfProd_671.png

InfProd_672.png

InfProd_673.png

More double sums can be found below at 'multiple Sums (Lattice sums)'.

InfProd_674.png

InfProd_675.png

InfProd_676.png

InfProd_677.png

InfProd_678.png

InfProd_679.png

InfProd_680.png

InfProd_681.png

InfProd_682.png

InfProd_683.png

InfProd_684.png

InfProd_685.png

InfProd_686.png

Series involving exponentials :

InfProd_687.png

InfProd_688.png

InfProd_689.png

InfProd_690.png

InfProd_691.png

InfProd_692.png

InfProd_693.png

InfProd_694.png

InfProd_695.png

InfProd_696.png

InfProd_697.png

InfProd_698.png

InfProd_699.png

InfProd_700.png

InfProd_701.png

InfProd_702.png

InfProd_703.png

InfProd_704.png

InfProd_705.png

InfProd_706.gif

InfProd_707.png

InfProd_708.png

InfProd_709.png

InfProd_710.png

Theta functions as series of shifted Gauss functions having equal widths (aren’t these quite remarkable relations? See below in series of hyberbolic functions for a similar phenomenon with shifted Sech and Csch functions connected to lemniscate functions) :

InfProd_711.png

InfProd_712.png

InfProd_713.png

InfProd_714.png

InfProd_715.png

InfProd_716.png

InfProd_717.png

InfProd_718.png

InfProd_719.png

InfProd_720.png

InfProd_721.png

InfProd_722.png

InfProd_723.png

InfProd_724.png

InfProd_725.png

InfProd_726.png

InfProd_727.png

InfProd_728.png

InfProd_729.png

InfProd_730.png

InfProd_731.png

InfProd_732.png

InfProd_733.png

InfProd_734.png

InfProd_735.png

InfProd_736.png

InfProd_737.png

InfProd_738.png

InfProd_739.png

Series involving InfProd_740.png :

For  n < k  Binomial[n, k] = 0;

InfProd_741.gif

InfProd_742.png

InfProd_743.png

InfProd_744.gif

InfProd_745.png

InfProd_746.png

InfProd_747.png

InfProd_748.png

InfProd_749.png

InfProd_750.png

InfProd_751.png

InfProd_752.png

InfProd_753.png

InfProd_754.png

InfProd_755.png

InfProd_756.png

InfProd_757.png

InfProd_758.png

InfProd_759.png

InfProd_760.png

InfProd_761.png

InfProd_762.png

InfProd_763.png

InfProd_764.png

InfProd_765.png

InfProd_766.png

InfProd_767.png

InfProd_768.png

InfProd_769.png

InfProd_770.png

InfProd_771.png

InfProd_772.png

InfProd_773.png

InfProd_774.png

InfProd_775.png

InfProd_776.png

For low values of m and n this gives (with  PL = InfProd_777.png as shorthand) :

InfProd_778.png

InfProd_779.png InfProd_780.png PL;
InfProd_781.png InfProd_782.png InfProd_783.png
InfProd_784.png InfProd_785.png InfProd_786.png
InfProd_787.png InfProd_788.png InfProd_789.png
InfProd_790.png InfProd_791.png InfProd_792.png

InfProd_793.png

InfProd_794.png

InfProd_795.gif

InfProd_796.png

InfProd_797.png

InfProd_798.png

Series of Stirling numbers :

InfProd_799.png

InfProd_800.png

InfProd_801.png

InfProd_802.png

InfProd_803.png

InfProd_804.png

InfProd_805.png

By the Inversion Theorem for Stirling numbers (S1 ⇔ S2):

InfProd_806.png

InfProd_807.png

Series of trigonometric functions :

InfProd_808.png

InfProd_809.png

InfProd_810.png

InfProd_811.png

InfProd_812.png

InfProd_813.png

InfProd_814.png

InfProd_815.png

InfProd_816.png

InfProd_817.png

InfProd_818.png

InfProd_819.png

InfProd_820.png

InfProd_821.png

InfProd_822.png

InfProd_823.png

InfProd_824.png

InfProd_825.png

InfProd_826.png

InfProd_827.png

InfProd_828.png

InfProd_829.png

InfProd_830.gif

InfProd_831.png

InfProd_832.png

InfProd_833.png

InfProd_834.png

InfProd_835.png

InfProd_836.png

InfProd_837.png

InfProd_838.png

InfProd_839.png

InfProd_840.png

InfProd_841.png

InfProd_842.png

InfProd_843.png

InfProd_844.png

InfProd_845.png

InfProd_846.png

InfProd_847.png

InfProd_848.png

InfProd_849.png

InfProd_850.png

InfProd_851.png

InfProd_852.png

InfProd_853.png

InfProd_854.png

InfProd_855.png

InfProd_856.png

InfProd_857.png

InfProd_858.png

InfProd_859.png

InfProd_860.png

InfProd_861.png

InfProd_862.png

InfProd_863.png

InfProd_864.png

InfProd_865.png

InfProd_866.png

InfProd_867.png

InfProd_868.png

InfProd_869.png

InfProd_870.png

InfProd_871.png

InfProd_872.png

InfProd_873.png

InfProd_874.png

InfProd_875.png

InfProd_876.png

InfProd_877.png

InfProd_878.png

InfProd_879.png

InfProd_880.png

InfProd_881.png

InfProd_882.png

InfProd_883.png

InfProd_884.png

InfProd_885.png

InfProd_886.png

InfProd_887.png

InfProd_888.png

InfProd_889.png

InfProd_890.png

InfProd_891.png

InfProd_892.png

InfProd_893.png

InfProd_894.png

InfProd_895.png

InfProd_896.png

InfProd_897.png

InfProd_898.png

InfProd_899.png

InfProd_900.png

InfProd_901.png

InfProd_902.png

InfProd_903.png

The following approximations hold to about 2% over all a :

InfProd_904.png

Sin[π a] = Cos[π (a - 1/2)] :

InfProd_905.png

InfProd_906.png

InfProd_907.png

InfProd_908.png

InfProd_909.png

InfProd_910.png

InfProd_911.png

InfProd_912.png

InfProd_913.png

InfProd_914.png

InfProd_915.png

InfProd_916.png

InfProd_917.png

InfProd_918.png

InfProd_919.png

InfProd_920.png

InfProd_921.gif

InfProd_922.png

InfProd_923.png

InfProd_924.png

InfProd_925.png

InfProd_926.png

InfProd_927.png

InfProd_928.png

InfProd_929.png

InfProd_930.png

InfProd_931.png

InfProd_932.png

InfProd_933.png

InfProd_934.gif

InfProd_935.png

InfProd_936.png

InfProd_937.png

InfProd_938.png

InfProd_939.png

InfProd_940.png

InfProd_941.png

InfProd_942.png

InfProd_943.png

InfProd_944.png

InfProd_945.png

InfProd_946.gif

InfProd_947.png

InfProd_948.png

InfProd_949.png

InfProd_950.png

InfProd_951.png

InfProd_952.png

InfProd_953.png

InfProd_954.png

InfProd_955.png

InfProd_956.png

InfProd_957.png

InfProd_958.gif

InfProd_959.gif

InfProd_960.png

InfProd_961.png

InfProd_962.png

Amazing identities connecting trigonometric and lemniscate functions:

InfProd_963.png

InfProd_964.png

InfProd_965.png

Special values of trigonometric functions :

Euler :

InfProd_966.png

Sin[π k/n] , n = 2 to 8 (rows) and k = 1 to n - 1 (columns) :

InfProd_967.png

1
InfProd_968.png InfProd_969.png
InfProd_970.png 1 InfProd_971.png
InfProd_972.png InfProd_973.png InfProd_974.png InfProd_975.png
InfProd_976.png InfProd_977.png 1 InfProd_978.png InfProd_979.png
InfProd_980.png InfProd_981.png InfProd_982.png InfProd_983.png InfProd_984.png InfProd_985.png
InfProd_986.png InfProd_987.png InfProd_988.png 1 InfProd_989.png InfProd_990.png InfProd_991.png

Cos[π k/n], n = 2 to 8 (rows) and k = 1 to n - 1 (columns) :

InfProd_992.png

0
InfProd_993.png InfProd_994.png
InfProd_995.png 0 InfProd_996.png
InfProd_997.png InfProd_998.png InfProd_999.png InfProd_1000.png
InfProd_1001.png InfProd_1002.png 0 InfProd_1003.png InfProd_1004.png
InfProd_1005.png InfProd_1006.png InfProd_1007.png InfProd_1008.png InfProd_1009.png InfProd_1010.png
InfProd_1011.png InfProd_1012.png InfProd_1013.png 0 InfProd_1014.png InfProd_1015.png InfProd_1016.png

Repeated bisection of the angle (2n+1)π inside of trigonometric functions gives (row k = 1 to 6 , column n =  0 to 5):

InfProd_1017.png

1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
InfProd_1018.png
InfProd_1019.png
InfProd_1020.png
InfProd_1021.png
InfProd_1022.png
InfProd_1023.png
InfProd_1024.png
InfProd_1025.png
InfProd_1026.png InfProd_1027.png
InfProd_1028.png
InfProd_1029.png
InfProd_1030.png
InfProd_1031.png
InfProd_1032.png
InfProd_1033.png
InfProd_1034.png
InfProd_1035.png
InfProd_1036.png
InfProd_1037.png
InfProd_1038.png
InfProd_1039.png
InfProd_1040.png
InfProd_1041.png
InfProd_1042.png
InfProd_1043.png
InfProd_1044.png
InfProd_1045.png
InfProd_1046.png
InfProd_1047.png

InfProd_1048.png

0
0
0
0
0
0
InfProd_1049.png
InfProd_1050.png
InfProd_1051.png
InfProd_1052.png
InfProd_1053.png
InfProd_1054.png
InfProd_1055.png
InfProd_1056.png
InfProd_1057.png
InfProd_1058.png
InfProd_1059.png
InfProd_1060.png
InfProd_1061.png
InfProd_1062.png
InfProd_1063.png
InfProd_1064.png
InfProd_1065.png
InfProd_1066.png
InfProd_1067.png
InfProd_1068.png
InfProd_1069.png
InfProd_1070.png
InfProd_1071.png
InfProd_1072.png
InfProd_1073.png
InfProd_1074.png
InfProd_1075.png
InfProd_1076.png
InfProd_1077.png
InfProd_1078.png

Repeated angular bisection of any angle φ  :

InfProd_1079.png

InfProd_1080.png InfProd_1081.png InfProd_1082.png InfProd_1083.png InfProd_1084.png InfProd_1085.png
InfProd_1086.png InfProd_1087.png InfProd_1088.png InfProd_1089.png InfProd_1090.png InfProd_1091.png
InfProd_1092.png InfProd_1093.png InfProd_1094.png InfProd_1095.png InfProd_1096.png InfProd_1097.png
InfProd_1098.png InfProd_1099.png InfProd_1100.png InfProd_1101.png InfProd_1102.png InfProd_1103.png

If Cos[φ] allows a radical expression (see below), then the Cos or Sin of the repeated bisection InfProd_1104.png  also have radical forms as shown exemplarily  in the next two tables (row k = 0 to 3 bisections , angles φ = 0 to 5π/48 in steps of π/48 (columns)):

InfProd_1105.png

sin[0]
0
InfProd_1106.png
InfProd_1107.png
InfProd_1108.png
InfProd_1109.png
InfProd_1110.png
InfProd_1111.png
InfProd_1112.png
InfProd_1113.png
InfProd_1114.png
InfProd_1115.png
sin[0]
0
InfProd_1116.png
InfProd_1117.png
InfProd_1118.png
InfProd_1119.png
InfProd_1120.png
InfProd_1121.png
InfProd_1122.png
InfProd_1123.png
InfProd_1124.png
InfProd_1125.png
sin[0]
0
InfProd_1126.png
InfProd_1127.png
InfProd_1128.png
InfProd_1129.png
InfProd_1130.png
InfProd_1131.png
InfProd_1132.png
InfProd_1133.png
InfProd_1134.png
InfProd_1135.png
sin[0]
0
InfProd_1136.png
InfProd_1137.png
InfProd_1138.png
InfProd_1139.png
InfProd_1140.png
InfProd_1141.png
InfProd_1142.png
InfProd_1143.png
InfProd_1144.png
InfProd_1145.png

InfProd_1146.png

cos[0]
1
InfProd_1147.png
InfProd_1148.png
InfProd_1149.png
InfProd_1150.png
InfProd_1151.png
InfProd_1152.png
InfProd_1153.png
InfProd_1154.png
InfProd_1155.png
InfProd_1156.png
cos[0]
1
InfProd_1157.png
InfProd_1158.png
InfProd_1159.png
InfProd_1160.png
InfProd_1161.png
InfProd_1162.png
InfProd_1163.png
InfProd_1164.png
InfProd_1165.png
InfProd_1166.png
cos[0]
1
InfProd_1167.png
InfProd_1168.png
InfProd_1169.png
InfProd_1170.png
InfProd_1171.png
InfProd_1172.png
InfProd_1173.png
InfProd_1174.png
InfProd_1175.png
InfProd_1176.png
cos[0]
1
InfProd_1177.png
InfProd_1178.png
InfProd_1179.png
InfProd_1180.png
InfProd_1181.png
InfProd_1182.png
InfProd_1183.png
InfProd_1184.png
InfProd_1185.png
InfProd_1186.png

Radicals for Cos[φ] up to π/2 are for example (in steps of π/24) :

InfProd_1187.png

InfProd_1188.png

or in steps of π/10 :

InfProd_1189.png

InfProd_1190.png

Note that 2Cos[ π/5] and 2Cos[2π/5] are equal to Φ (the golden ratio) and to its inverse.

Tan[π k/n], n = 2 to 8 (rows) and k = 1 to n - 1 (columns) :

InfProd_1191.png

ComplexInfinity
InfProd_1192.png InfProd_1193.png
1 ComplexInfinity -1
InfProd_1194.png InfProd_1195.png InfProd_1196.png InfProd_1197.png
InfProd_1198.png InfProd_1199.png ComplexInfinity InfProd_1200.png InfProd_1201.png
InfProd_1202.png InfProd_1203.png InfProd_1204.png InfProd_1205.png InfProd_1206.png InfProd_1207.png
InfProd_1208.png 1 InfProd_1209.png ComplexInfinity InfProd_1210.png -1 InfProd_1211.png

Cot[π k/n], n = 2 to 8 (rows) and k = 1 to n - 1 (columns) :

InfProd_1212.png

0
InfProd_1213.png InfProd_1214.png
1 0 -1
InfProd_1215.png InfProd_1216.png InfProd_1217.png InfProd_1218.png
InfProd_1219.png InfProd_1220.png 0 InfProd_1221.png InfProd_1222.png
InfProd_1223.png InfProd_1224.png InfProd_1225.png InfProd_1226.png InfProd_1227.png InfProd_1228.png
InfProd_1229.png 1 InfProd_1230.png 0 InfProd_1231.png -1 InfProd_1232.png

Some (special) special values :

InfProd_1233.png InfProd_1234.png
InfProd_1235.png InfProd_1236.png
InfProd_1237.png InfProd_1238.png

InfProd_1239.png

InfProd_1240.png InfProd_1241.png
InfProd_1242.png InfProd_1243.png
InfProd_1244.png InfProd_1245.png

InfProd_1246.png

q - Series :   ( Back to Top )

(0 < q < 1); With InfProd_1247.png → Cosh[ k Log[ q ]] + Sinh[ k Log[ q ]] the following expressions can be transformed into sums of hyperbolic functions.

InfProd_1248.png

InfProd_1249.png

InfProd_1250.png

1
1 1
1 4 1
1 11 11 1
1 26 66 26 1
1 57 302 302 57 1

InfProd_1251.png

InfProd_1252.png

InfProd_1253.png

InfProd_1254.png

The appearing of n or n - 1 as summation stop index implies n ∈ N.

InfProd_1255.png

There is a small stumble stone in the definition of LerchPhi in the neighbourhood of a = 0: LerchPhi[q, n, a] = InfProd_1256.png, it changes for a = 0 abruptly to a different function InfProd_1257.png.

InfProd_1258.png

InfProd_1259.png

InfProd_1260.png

InfProd_1261.png

InfProd_1262.png

InfProd_1263.png

InfProd_1264.png

InfProd_1265.png

InfProd_1266.png

InfProd_1267.png

InfProd_1268.gif

InfProd_1269.gif

InfProd_1270.png

InfProd_1271.png

InfProd_1272.png

InfProd_1273.png

InfProd_1274.gif

InfProd_1275.png

InfProd_1276.png

InfProd_1277.png

Using an identity from (R4) some series involving the Floor function can be solved  ( InfProd_1278.png[ 0 , q ] is an EllipticTheta function and 0 < q < 1) :

InfProd_1279.png

InfProd_1280.png

InfProd_1281.png

InfProd_1282.png

InfProd_1283.png

InfProd_1284.png

InfProd_1285.png

InfProd_1286.png

( m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[q], K[m] = EllipticK[m], E[m] = EllipticE[m] ):

InfProd_1287.png

InfProd_1288.png

InfProd_1289.png

InfProd_1290.png

InfProd_1291.png

InfProd_1292.png

InfProd_1293.png

InfProd_1294.png

InfProd_1295.png

InfProd_1296.png

InfProd_1297.png

Lambert Type q Series:

InfProd_1298.png

InfProd_1299.png

InfProd_1300.png

InfProd_1301.gif

InfProd_1302.png

InfProd_1303.gif

InfProd_1304.gif

InfProd_1305.png

InfProd_1306.png

InfProd_1307.gif

InfProd_1308.png

InfProd_1309.gif

InfProd_1310.gif

The introduction of QPolyGamma[n, z, q] (nth derivative of the QDigamma function (z, q)) in Mathematica 7 allows expression of

InfProd_1311.png

InfProd_1312.png

InfProd_1313.png

InfProd_1314.png

InfProd_1315.png

InfProd_1316.png

InfProd_1317.png

InfProd_1318.png

InfProd_1319.png

InfProd_1320.png

InfProd_1321.png

InfProd_1322.png

InfProd_1323.png

InfProd_1324.png

InfProd_1325.png

InfProd_1326.png

InfProd_1327.png

InfProd_1328.png

InfProd_1329.png

InfProd_1330.png

InfProd_1331.png

InfProd_1332.png

InfProd_1333.png

InfProd_1334.png

InfProd_1335.png

InfProd_1336.png

InfProd_1337.png

InfProd_1338.png

InfProd_1339.png

InfProd_1340.png

InfProd_1341.png

InfProd_1342.png

InfProd_1343.png

InfProd_1344.png

InfProd_1345.png

InfProd_1346.png

InfProd_1347.png

InfProd_1348.png

The next q - series (q → InfProd_1349.png) are connected to the Eisenstein SeriesInfProd_1350.png like

InfProd_1351.png

InfProd_1352.png

InfProd_1353.png

InfProd_1354.png

InfProd_1355.png

InfProd_1356.png

InfProd_1357.png

InfProd_1358.png

With q = InfProd_1359.png this kind of sum is

InfProd_1360.png

InfProd_1361.png

InfProd_1362.png

InfProd_1363.png

InfProd_1364.png

InfProd_1365.png

InfProd_1366.png

InfProd_1367.png

InfProd_1368.png

InfProd_1369.png

InfProd_1370.png

InfProd_1371.png

InfProd_1372.png

InfProd_1373.png

InfProd_1374.png

InfProd_1375.png

InfProd_1376.png

InfProd_1377.png

InfProd_1378.png

InfProd_1379.png

InfProd_1380.png

InfProd_1381.png

InfProd_1382.png

InfProd_1383.png

InfProd_1384.png

InfProd_1385.png

InfProd_1386.png

InfProd_1387.png

InfProd_1388.png

InfProd_1389.png

InfProd_1390.png

InfProd_1391.png

InfProd_1392.png

InfProd_1393.png

InfProd_1394.png

InfProd_1395.png

InfProd_1396.png

InfProd_1397.png

InfProd_1398.png

InfProd_1399.png

InfProd_1400.png

InfProd_1401.png

InfProd_1402.png

For 0.2 < q is in good approximation :

InfProd_1403.png

InfProd_1404.png

InfProd_1405.png

InfProd_1406.png

InfProd_1407.png

InfProd_1408.png

InfProd_1409.png

InfProd_1410.png

InfProd_1411.png

InfProd_1412.png

InfProd_1413.png

InfProd_1414.png

InfProd_1415.png

InfProd_1416.png

InfProd_1417.png

InfProd_1418.png

InfProd_1419.png

InfProd_1420.png

InfProd_1421.png

InfProd_1422.png

InfProd_1423.png

InfProd_1424.png

InfProd_1425.png

InfProd_1426.png

InfProd_1427.png

InfProd_1428.png

InfProd_1429.png

InfProd_1430.png

InfProd_1431.png

InfProd_1432.png

InfProd_1433.png

InfProd_1434.png

InfProd_1435.png

InfProd_1436.png

InfProd_1437.png

InfProd_1438.png

InfProd_1439.png

InfProd_1440.png

InfProd_1441.png

InfProd_1442.png

InfProd_1443.png

InfProd_1444.png

InfProd_1445.png

InfProd_1446.png

InfProd_1447.png

InfProd_1448.png

InfProd_1449.png

InfProd_1450.png

InfProd_1451.png

InfProd_1452.png

InfProd_1453.png

InfProd_1454.png

InfProd_1455.png

InfProd_1456.png

InfProd_1457.png

InfProd_1458.png

InfProd_1459.png

InfProd_1460.png

InfProd_1461.png

InfProd_1462.png

InfProd_1463.png

InfProd_1464.png

InfProd_1465.png

InfProd_1466.png

InfProd_1467.png

InfProd_1468.png

InfProd_1469.png

InfProd_1470.png

InfProd_1471.png

InfProd_1472.png

InfProd_1473.png

InfProd_1474.png

InfProd_1475.png

InfProd_1476.png

InfProd_1477.png

InfProd_1478.png

InfProd_1479.png

InfProd_1480.png

InfProd_1481.png

InfProd_1482.png

InfProd_1483.png

InfProd_1484.png

InfProd_1485.png

InfProd_1486.png

InfProd_1487.png

InfProd_1488.png

InfProd_1489.png

InfProd_1490.png

InfProd_1491.png

InfProd_1492.png

InfProd_1493.png

InfProd_1494.png

InfProd_1495.png

InfProd_1496.png

InfProd_1497.png

InfProd_1498.png

InfProd_1499.png

InfProd_1500.png

InfProd_1501.png

InfProd_1502.png

InfProd_1503.png

InfProd_1504.png

InfProd_1505.png

InfProd_1506.png

InfProd_1507.png

InfProd_1508.png

InfProd_1509.png

InfProd_1510.png

InfProd_1511.png

InfProd_1512.png

InfProd_1513.png

InfProd_1514.png

InfProd_1515.png

InfProd_1516.png

InfProd_1517.png

InfProd_1518.png

InfProd_1519.png

InfProd_1520.png

InfProd_1521.png

InfProd_1522.png

InfProd_1523.png

InfProd_1524.png

InfProd_1525.png

InfProd_1526.png

InfProd_1527.png

InfProd_1528.gif

InfProd_1529.png

InfProd_1530.png

InfProd_1531.png

InfProd_1532.png

InfProd_1533.gif

InfProd_1534.png

InfProd_1535.png

InfProd_1536.png

InfProd_1537.png

InfProd_1538.png

InfProd_1539.png

InfProd_1540.png

InfProd_1541.png

InfProd_1542.png

InfProd_1543.png

InfProd_1544.png

InfProd_1545.png

InfProd_1546.gif

InfProd_1547.png

InfProd_1548.png

InfProd_1549.png

InfProd_1550.png

InfProd_1551.png

InfProd_1552.png

InfProd_1553.png

InfProd_1554.png

InfProd_1555.png

InfProd_1556.png

InfProd_1557.png

InfProd_1558.png

InfProd_1559.png

InfProd_1560.png

InfProd_1561.png

InfProd_1562.png

InfProd_1563.png

InfProd_1564.png

InfProd_1565.png

InfProd_1566.png

InfProd_1567.png

InfProd_1568.png

other :

InfProd_1569.png

InfProd_1570.png

InfProd_1571.png

InfProd_1572.png

InfProd_1573.png

InfProd_1574.png

InfProd_1575.png

InfProd_1576.png

InfProd_1577.png

InfProd_1578.png

InfProd_1579.png

InfProd_1580.png

InfProd_1581.png

InfProd_1582.png

InfProd_1583.png

InfProd_1584.png

InfProd_1585.png

InfProd_1586.png

InfProd_1587.png

InfProd_1588.png

InfProd_1589.png

QFunction Identities :

InfProd_1590.png

InfProd_1591.png

InfProd_1592.png

InfProd_1593.png

InfProd_1594.png

InfProd_1595.png

InfProd_1596.png

Special values of QPolyGamma :

InfProd_1597.png

InfProd_1598.png

InfProd_1599.png

InfProd_1600.png

InfProd_1601.gif

InfProd_1602.png

InfProd_1603.png

InfProd_1604.png

InfProd_1605.png

InfProd_1606.png

InfProd_1607.png

InfProd_1608.png

InfProd_1609.png

InfProd_1610.png

InfProd_1611.png

InfProd_1612.png

InfProd_1613.png

InfProd_1614.png

InfProd_1615.png

InfProd_1616.png

InfProd_1617.gif

InfProd_1618.png

InfProd_1619.png

InfProd_1620.png

InfProd_1621.png

InfProd_1622.png

InfProd_1623.png

InfProd_1624.png

InfProd_1625.png

InfProd_1626.png

InfProd_1627.png

InfProd_1628.png

InfProd_1629.png

InfProd_1630.png

InfProd_1631.png

InfProd_1632.png

InfProd_1633.png

InfProd_1634.png

InfProd_1635.png

InfProd_1636.png

InfProd_1637.png

InfProd_1638.png

InfProd_1639.png

InfProd_1640.png

InfProd_1641.png

InfProd_1642.png

InfProd_1643.png

InfProd_1644.png

InfProd_1645.png

InfProd_1646.png

InfProd_1647.png

InfProd_1648.png

InfProd_1649.png

InfProd_1650.png

InfProd_1651.png

InfProd_1652.png

InfProd_1653.png

InfProd_1654.png

InfProd_1655.png

InfProd_1656.png

InfProd_1657.png

InfProd_1658.png

InfProd_1659.png

InfProd_1660.png

InfProd_1661.png

InfProd_1662.png

InfProd_1663.png

InfProd_1664.png

InfProd_1665.png

InfProd_1666.png

InfProd_1667.png

InfProd_1668.gif

InfProd_1669.png

InfProd_1670.png

InfProd_1671.png

InfProd_1672.png

With x ∈ Reals is   InfProd_1673.png

InfProd_1674.png
Real Part Imaginary Part
n=1: InfProd_1675.png 0
n=2: InfProd_1676.png InfProd_1677.png
n=3: InfProd_1678.png InfProd_1679.png
n=4: InfProd_1680.png InfProd_1681.png
n=5: InfProd_1682.png InfProd_1683.png
n=6: InfProd_1684.png InfProd_1685.png
n=7: InfProd_1686.png InfProd_1687.png

InfProd_1688.png

special values of EllipticK and EllipticE:   ( Back to Top )

K[m] is EllipticK[m];

InfProd_1689.png

E[m] is EllipticE[m];

InfProd_1690.png

InfProd_1691.png

InfProd_1692.png

InfProd_1693.png

InfProd_1694.png

InfProd_1695.png

InfProd_1696.png

InfProd_1697.png

InfProd_1698.png

InfProd_1699.png

InfProd_1700.png

InfProd_1701.png

InfProd_1702.png

InfProd_1703.png

InfProd_1704.png

Series of Hyperbolic Functions:   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_1705.png

InfProd_1706.png

InfProd_1707.png

InfProd_1708.png

InfProd_1709.gif

InfProd_1710.gif

InfProd_1711.png

InfProd_1712.png

InfProd_1713.png

InfProd_1714.png

ϑ ‘’ represents the second derivative of ϑ (x,q) with respect to x, eg: InfProd_1715.png means InfProd_1716.png.

InfProd_1717.png

InfProd_1718.png

InfProd_1719.png

InfProd_1720.png

InfProd_1721.png

InfProd_1722.png

The following series containing λ converge very fast with increasing λ :

InfProd_1723.png

InfProd_1724.png

InfProd_1725.png

InfProd_1726.png

InfProd_1727.png

InfProd_1728.png

InfProd_1729.png

InfProd_1730.png

InfProd_1731.png

InfProd_1732.png

InfProd_1733.png

InfProd_1734.png

InfProd_1735.png

InfProd_1736.png

InfProd_1737.png

InfProd_1738.png

InfProd_1739.png

InfProd_1740.png

InfProd_1741.png

InfProd_1742.png

InfProd_1743.png

InfProd_1744.png

InfProd_1745.png

InfProd_1746.png

InfProd_1747.png

InfProd_1748.png

InfProd_1749.png

InfProd_1750.png

InfProd_1751.png

InfProd_1752.png

InfProd_1753.png

InfProd_1754.png

Some Jacobi elliptic functions :

InfProd_1755.png

InfProd_1756.png

InfProd_1757.png

InfProd_1758.gif

InfProd_1759.png

Special values :

InfProd_1760.png

Hyperbolic series involving the lemniscate functions :

ϖ is the lemniscate constant :

InfProd_1761.png

InfProd_1762.png

Connected to the above series are fast converging expansions of special elliptic functions that equal sl[x] and cl[x], the lemniscate sine and cosine, useful for numeric computation of sl and cl:

InfProd_1763.gif

The first 5 Taylor coefficients of the sum representing sl for increasing index m, see sequence A104203 in OEIS (1, -12, 3024, -4390848, 21224560896,...) :

InfProd_1764.png

0 1.0494342235. -11.900183700. 3023.8648359. -4.3909020798.*^6 2.1224555712.*^10
3 0.99999600967. -12.000008223. 3023.9999831. -4.3908480000.*^6 2.1224560896.*^10
6 1.0000000003. -11.999999999. 3024.0000000. -4.3908480000.*^6 2.1224560896.*^10
9 1.000000000. -12.000000000. 3024.0000000. -4.3908480000.*^6 2.1224560896.*^10

The first 8 Taylor coefficients of the sum representing cl for increasing index m, compare sequence A159600 in OEIS (1, -1, 3, -27, 441, -11529, 442827, -23444883,... but beware,  A159600 excludes a factorInfProd_1765.png needed to obtain the series for cl) :

InfProd_1766.png

0 1.0412730250. -1.0296444931. 3.0214068820. -27.016199247. 441.01703299. -11529.047467. 442827.26751. -2.3444884804.*^7
3 0.99999666957. -0.99999760952. 2.9999982842. -26.999998768. 440.99999912. -11528.999999. 442827.00000. -2.3444883000.*^7
6 1.0000000003. -1.0000000002. 3.0000000001. -27.000000000. 441.00000000. -11529.000000. 442827.00000. -2.3444883000.*^7
9 1.000000000. -1.000000000. 3.0000000000. -27.000000000. 441.00000000. -11529.000000. 442827.00000. -2.3444883000.*^7

Near the real axis the lemniscate functions may be described by Fourier series :

InfProd_1767.gif

InfProd_1768.png

Ramanujan's Cos/Cosh identity :

InfProd_1769.png

The approximation of the the next two series to the lemniscate functions in the area  around the origin improves with the number of included terms in the numerical evaluation (more terms or ‘building blocks‘ cover a larger domain):

InfProd_1770.png

InfProd_1771.png

InfProd_1772.png

InfProd_1773.png

The 'four horsemen of the apocalypse':

InfProd_1774.png

InfProd_1775.png

W A I T !  Have you noticed the beauty of  the series above? The alternating sum of shifted 1/Cosh functions gives the lemniscate cosine, the alternating sum of shifted 1/Sinh functions gives 1/(lemniscate sine)... Isn’t that incredible?

InfProd_1776.png

InfProd_1777.png

InfProd_1778.png

InfProd_1779.png

InfProd_1780.png

InfProd_1781.png

InfProd_1782.png

InfProd_1783.png

InfProd_1784.png

InfProd_1785.png

InfProd_1786.png

InfProd_1787.png

InfProd_1788.png

InfProd_1789.png

The next two series results show a sign flip at every other integer interval in y, shifted by 1/2, due to the complex square root. This switch of sign is taken into account by the factor (-1)^Floor[ y - 1/2 ].

InfProd_1790.png

InfProd_1791.png

InfProd_1792.png

InfProd_1793.png

InfProd_1794.png

InfProd_1795.png

InfProd_1796.png

The QPolyGamma 'monsters' :

InfProd_1797.png

InfProd_1798.png

InfProd_1799.png

InfProd_1800.png

InfProd_1801.png

InfProd_1802.png

InfProd_1803.png

InfProd_1804.png

InfProd_1805.png

InfProd_1806.png

InfProd_1807.png

m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[InfProd_1808.png] :

InfProd_1809.png

InfProd_1810.png

InfProd_1811.png

InfProd_1812.png

InfProd_1813.png

InfProd_1814.png

InfProd_1815.png

InfProd_1816.png

InfProd_1817.png

InfProd_1818.png

InfProd_1819.png

InfProd_1820.png

InfProd_1821.png

InfProd_1822.png

InfProd_1823.png

InfProd_1824.png

InfProd_1825.png

InfProd_1826.png

InfProd_1827.png

InfProd_1828.png

InfProd_1829.png

InfProd_1830.png

InfProd_1831.png

InfProd_1832.png

The next expression uses an idea taken from Weiss, J.D.(2014) The Summation of One Class of Infinite Series. Applied Mathematics, 5, 2815 - 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.517269 :

InfProd_1833.png

both series approach - Log[2] from either below (Coth) or above (Tanh) for increasing z .

InfProd_1834.png

InfProd_1835.png

InfProd_1836.png

InfProd_1837.png

InfProd_1838.png

InfProd_1839.png

InfProd_1840.png

InfProd_1841.png

InfProd_1842.png

both series above approach z / (1 - z) from either below (Tanh) or above (Coth) for 1 < x.

InfProd_1843.png

InfProd_1844.png

both series above approach PolyLog[-j,z] from either below (Tanh) or above (Coth) for 1 < x.

InfProd_1845.png

InfProd_1846.png

InfProd_1847.png

InfProd_1848.png

m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[InfProd_1849.png] :

InfProd_1850.png

InfProd_1851.png

The real parts of the next four series are well defined for (-1 < x). The real parts for 0 < x and the imaginary Parts for all x converge very fast for small m.

InfProd_1852.png

InfProd_1853.png

InfProd_1854.png

InfProd_1855.png

InfProd_1856.png

InfProd_1857.png

InfProd_1858.png

InfProd_1859.png

InfProd_1860.png

InfProd_1861.png

InfProd_1862.png

InfProd_1863.png

InfProd_1864.png

InfProd_1865.png

InfProd_1866.png

InfProd_1867.png

InfProd_1868.png

InfProd_1869.png

InfProd_1870.png

InfProd_1871.png

InfProd_1872.png

InfProd_1873.png

InfProd_1874.png

InfProd_1875.png

InfProd_1876.png

InfProd_1877.png

InfProd_1878.png

InfProd_1879.png

InfProd_1880.png

InfProd_1881.png

InfProd_1882.png

InfProd_1883.png

InfProd_1884.png

InfProd_1885.png

InfProd_1886.png

InfProd_1887.png

InfProd_1888.png

m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[InfProd_1889.png] :

InfProd_1890.png

InfProd_1891.png

InfProd_1892.png

InfProd_1893.png

InfProd_1894.png

InfProd_1895.png

Some hyperbolic Identities :

InfProd_1896.png

InfProd_1897.png

InfProd_1898.gif

InfProd_1899.gif

Some Lemniscate Sine and Cosine Identities including derivative and integral:

Periods :

InfProd_1900.png

Dual sibling of the Pythagorean Identity InfProd_1901.png) :

InfProd_1902.png

InfProd_1903.png

Special values :

InfProd_1904.png

InfProd_1905.png

InfProd_1906.png

InfProd_1907.png

InfProd_1908.png

Argument addition formulae :

InfProd_1909.png

Imaginary, negative and double arguments :

InfProd_1910.png

Squares :

InfProd_1911.png

Derivatives and basic integrals :

InfProd_1912.gif

From the argument addition formulae for the lemniscate functions taking  dx small with sl[dx] = dx and cl[dx] = 1 we get the derivative as sl'[x] =InfProd_1913.png (sl[x + dx] - sl[x])/dx = cl[x] (1 + InfProd_1914.png) and likewise for cl'[x].
The integrals may then so be checked by calculating the derivatives of their right hand sides. The expressions show some similarity (duality) with their trigonometric counterparts.

For more integrals of the lemniscate functions scroll to the bottom of :

Table of Indefinite Integrals

The following identities can be verified using the imaginary and symmetry properties of sl and cl given above.

InfProd_1917.png

Complex properties :

InfProd_1918.png

Product approximations to the lemniscate functions (for 0 < m both better than InfProd_1919.png for all x, they  converge more than twice as fast as the already fast converging series given above in the section) :

InfProd_1920.png

The ‘lemniscatic tangent’ is then represented by :

InfProd_1921.png

Lemniscate functions as special cases  InfProd_1922.png of Jacobi elliptic functions  or Neville theta functions:

InfProd_1923.png

InfProd_1924.png

Series of CosIntegral:   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_1925.png

InfProd_1926.png

InfProd_1927.png

InfProd_1928.png

InfProd_1929.png

InfProd_1930.png

InfProd_1931.png

InfProd_1932.png

InfProd_1933.png

InfProd_1934.png

InfProd_1935.png

InfProd_1936.png

InfProd_1937.png

InfProd_1938.png

Sums involving reciprocal multifactorials or factorials:   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_1939.png

InfProd_1940.png

InfProd_1941.png

InfProd_1942.png

InfProd_1943.png

InfProd_1944.png

InfProd_1945.png

For even m = 2j  the right hand side reduces to

InfProd_1946.png

InfProd_1947.png

Higher multifactorials :

In the next equations j designates the number of ! within the multifactorial InfProd_1948.png, γ[a, b] is the lower incomplete Gamma Function Γ[a, 0, b] = InfProd_1949.png .

InfProd_1950.png

InfProd_1951.png

InfProd_1952.png

InfProd_1953.png

InfProd_1954.png

Expressions for still higher orders of k may be obtained by applying InfProd_1955.png to both sides of the equation.

The general expression at x = ±1 is, using recursionally defined coefficients  InfProd_1956.png and InfProd_1957.png (the factor after InfProd_1958.png shows the series result for n = 0) :

InfProd_1959.png

where the recursions

InfProd_1960.png

and

InfProd_1961.png

give the integers InfProd_1962.png and InfProd_1963.png, needed for the calculation of the sum above .

The coefficients obtained with low indices j, n (j counting rows from 1 to 8, n counting columns from 0 to 9) are shown here for the regular sum (+1) and the alternating sum (-1):

InfProd_1964.png

InfProd_1965.png

The numbers InfProd_1966.png and InfProd_1967.png represent the Bell numbers BellB[n, 1] and the complementary Bell numbers BellB[n, -1].

InfProd_1968.png

InfProd_1969.png

InfProd_1970.png

Bell' s polynomes are connected to Stirling numbers of the second kind :

InfProd_1971.png

or  may be calculated as higher derivatives of the exponential function : BellB[n, z] InfProd_1972.png  :

InfProd_1973.png

1 1 1 1
z z z -z
InfProd_1974.png InfProd_1975.png InfProd_1976.png InfProd_1977.png
InfProd_1978.png InfProd_1979.png InfProd_1980.png InfProd_1981.png
InfProd_1982.png InfProd_1983.png InfProd_1984.png InfProd_1985.png
InfProd_1986.png InfProd_1987.png InfProd_1988.png InfProd_1989.png
InfProd_1990.png InfProd_1991.png InfProd_1992.png InfProd_1993.png

InfProd_1994.png

InfProd_1995.png

InfProd_1996.png

A completely crazy series :

InfProd_1997.png

The expression in large brackets represents a polynomial in y and InfProd_1998.png of degree n with integer coefficients.

The sum over s above containing Stirling Numbers of the second kind has this structure:

InfProd_1999.png

and appears in a special combinatorics problem :
It calculates the count of possible ways InfProd_2000.png to distribute a number of a differently colored balls into b indistinguishable boxes, so that each box contains two balls or more (see A008299 in OEIS).
The triangular table below lists, how many configurations exist for a = 4 … 20 balls (row#) to go into b = 2 … a/2 boxes (column#), min. 2 per box,
also known as associated Stirling numbers of the second kind :

Table[BB[a, b], {a, 4, 14}, {b, 2, Floor[a/2]}] // TableForm

3
10
25 15
56 105
119 490 105
246 1918 1260
501 6825 9450 945
1012 22935 56980 17325
2035 74316 302995 190575 10395
4082 235092 1487200 1636635 270270
8177 731731 6914908 12122110 4099095 135135

As an aside:
These numbers can also be computed from sums containing products of binomial coefficients (‘n choose k’), divided possibly by factorials as explained in the following example :

Consider 8 differently colored balls to go into 3 boxes. First find IntegerPartitions  of 8 into 3 integers to see the possible partitions of the balls into the boxes :

IntegerPartitions[8, {3}]

InfProd_2001.png

Select the partitions with every element larger than one → {4, 2, 2} and {3, 3, 2} . Start by putting 4 balls into any emtpy box (8 choose 4, Binomial[8, 4] possibilities)  AND choose 2 balls for another empty box (Binomial[8-4, 2])  AND again 2 balls for the last still empty box (Binomial[8-4-2, 2]). Multiply (AND condition) the binomials. Since two elements are equal (2, 2), divide this term by 2!.
Now add  (OR condition) the term from the next partition: put 3 balls into one emtpy box (Binomial[8, 3])  AND 3 balls in another empty box (Binomial[8-3, 3])  AND again 2 balls into the last empty box (Binomial[8-3-3, 2]) and multiply. Divide also this term by the factorial of the number of equal elements. The first argument of the binomials shows the number of ‘unboxed’ balls still to choose from, the second argument contains the element of the partition. All binomials (each corresponds to a box) of a partition are multiplied and (as the possible arrangements of  boxes with an equal number of balls inside are not distinguished)  divided by the factorial of their multiplicity :

InfProd_2002.png

This result corresponds to triangle entry (a = 8, b = 3) .

The ‘crazy’ series above has been looked at in more detail in : Vigren E .; Dieckmann A .; A New Result in Form of Finite Triple Sums for a Series from Ramanujan' s Notebooks . Symmetry 2022, 14, 1090.

InfProd_2003.png

InfProd_2004.png

Higher powers of the factorial in the denominator :

InfProd_2005.gif

Replace InfProd_2006.png with InfProd_2007.png and InfProd_2008.png  with InfProd_2009.png
as well as  InfProd_2010.png with InfProd_2011.png if all symbolic expressions are to be kept strictly real .
The numerical evaluation  of the results above should work over the whole x - range anyway , cancelling possibly imaginary contributions.

Expressions for still higher orders of k above may be obtained by applying (InfProd_2012.png) to both sides of the equation .

The solution of the general series seems more complicated with a single, but quite messy hypergeometric function, (Table[n,k] with k ≤ 0 gives the empty set {}):

InfProd_2013.png

There are cases, where this bulky result may be reduced to simpler functions :
For 2 < m   and for low j the series is given by Mathematica as a somewhat shorter hypergeometric function than in the general case above :

0 = j :

InfProd_2014.png

0 < j < m:

InfProd_2015.png

m ≤ j :
These can be done at the point x = ±1, where a recursion may be calculated, via the next relation that decomposes a reciprocal multifactorial sum containing InfProd_2016.pnginto sums of powers InfProd_2017.png less than InfProd_2018.png:

InfProd_2019.png

and the recursion for the coefficients c is given by :

InfProd_2020.png

obtained with the Mathematica code in the next line …(adapt the signs for the alternating case):

InfProd_2021.png

For example with n = 6, m = 3 :

InfProd_2022.png

InfProd_2023.png

The InfProd_2024.pngs are then :

InfProd_2025.png

1 0 0 1 1 1 2 6 17
0 1 0 0 1 2 3 5 12
0 0 1 0 0 1 3 6 11

Now with s = {0, 1, 2} there is

InfProd_2026.png

InfProd_2027.png

so that the recursionally defined sum yields :

InfProd_2028.png

InfProd_2029.png

InfProd_2030.png

while Mathematica gives:

InfProd_2031.png

In this way one may derive from the two expressions above reductions of a more complicated hypergeometric function into a series of simpler ones like:

HypergeometricPFQ[{2, 2, 2}, {1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, 1] = 2  HypergeometricPFQ[{}, {1, 1}, 1] + 3 HypergeometricPFQ[{}, {2, 2}, 1] + 3 HypergeometricPFQ[{}, {1, 2}, 1];

The following  identity (valid for all {m, n ∈ N}) expresses the sum without recursion in terms of sums with exponents of k that are reduced from n to ≤ n-m :

InfProd_2032.png

The  highest exponent of InfProd_2033.png appearing in the recursion above is: if (n < m)  then {s = n} else {s = Min[n-m, m-1]}.

For m = 2 the situation is easier, because all sums (0 ≤ n)InfProd_2034.png can be expressed with Bessel functions through the recursion (see above, set again x = 1)
as linear combinations of the one or two lowest results in the regular case with { {j = 0, BesselI[0, 2]}, {j = 1, BesselI[1, 2]} } up to n = 15:

InfProd_2035.png

1 0 1 1 2 5 13 36 109 359 1266 4731 18657 77464 337681 1540381
0 1 0 1 2 4 10 29 90 295 1030 3838 15168 63117 275252 1254801
n InfProd_2036.png
0 BesselI[0,2]
1 BesselI[1,2]
2 BesselI[0,2]
3 BesselI[0,2]+BesselI[1,2]
4 2 BesselI[0,2]+2 BesselI[1,2]
5 5 BesselI[0,2]+4 BesselI[1,2]
6 13 BesselI[0,2]+10 BesselI[1,2]
7 36 BesselI[0,2]+29 BesselI[1,2]
8 109 BesselI[0,2]+90 BesselI[1,2]
9 359 BesselI[0,2]+295 BesselI[1,2]
10 1266 BesselI[0,2]+1030 BesselI[1,2]
11 4731 BesselI[0,2]+3838 BesselI[1,2]
12 18657 BesselI[0,2]+15168 BesselI[1,2]
13 77464 BesselI[0,2]+63117 BesselI[1,2]
14 337681 BesselI[0,2]+275252 BesselI[1,2]
15 1540381 BesselI[0,2]+1254801 BesselI[1,2]

or in the alternating case with { {j = 0, BesselJ[0, 2]}, {j = 1, - BesselJ[1, 2]} }:

InfProd_2037.png

1 0 -1 -1 0 3 9 16 7 -87 -472 -1567 -3375 -216 45927 308107
0 1 0 -1 -2 -2 2 17 54 109 54 -796 -5000 -19499 -52252 -44617
n InfProd_2038.png
0 BesselJ[0,2]
1 -BesselJ[1,2]
2 -BesselJ[0,2]
3 -BesselJ[0,2]+BesselJ[1,2]
4 2 BesselJ[1,2]
5 3 BesselJ[0,2]+2 BesselJ[1,2]
6 9 BesselJ[0,2]-2 BesselJ[1,2]
7 16 BesselJ[0,2]-17 BesselJ[1,2]
8 7 BesselJ[0,2]-54 BesselJ[1,2]
9 -87 BesselJ[0,2]-109 BesselJ[1,2]
10 -472 BesselJ[0,2]-54 BesselJ[1,2]
11 -1567 BesselJ[0,2]+796 BesselJ[1,2]
12 -3375 BesselJ[0,2]+5000 BesselJ[1,2]
13 -216 BesselJ[0,2]+19499 BesselJ[1,2]
14 45927 BesselJ[0,2]+52252 BesselJ[1,2]
15 308107 BesselJ[0,2]+44617 BesselJ[1,2]

A generalization to powers of multifactorials :

InfProd_2039.png

where two recursions are needed:

InfProd_2040.gif

InfProd_2041.png

The series

InfProd_2042.png

converge very fast (the terms k > 3 contribute less than InfProd_2043.png) . For m = 3  the terms give :

InfProd_2044.png

With n = 0 the first sum and (InfProd_2045.png- the second sum) are very close to the  Pomerance Number  1.25002143347...(A100085 in Oeis).

Multiple Sums (lattice sums) :   ( Back to Top )

Factorial :

InfProd_2046.png

InfProd_2047.png

InfProd_2048.png

InfProd_2049.png

InfProd_2050.png

InfProd_2051.png

InfProd_2052.png

InfProd_2053.png

InfProd_2054.png

InfProd_2055.png

InfProd_2056.png

InfProd_2057.png

InfProd_2058.png

InfProd_2059.png

InfProd_2060.png

InfProd_2061.png

InfProd_2062.png

InfProd_2063.png

InfProd_2064.png

InfProd_2065.png

InfProd_2066.png

Borwein' s formula :

InfProd_2067.png

Benson' s formula:

InfProd_2068.png

already the sum for all {m, n} < 5 gives a very good approximation .

InfProd_2069.png

InfProd_2070.png

InfProd_2071.png

InfProd_2072.png

InfProd_2073.png

InfProd_2074.png

InfProd_2075.png

InfProd_2076.png

InfProd_2077.png

InfProd_2078.png

InfProd_2079.png

InfProd_2080.png

InfProd_2081.png

InfProd_2082.png

InfProd_2083.png

InfProd_2084.png

InfProd_2085.png

InfProd_2086.png

InfProd_2087.png

The approximations for the first two sums in the two following lines are for 2 < m better than 10^-10, the Cot Csc term corresponds to the dominant j = 0 term in the double sum.

InfProd_2088.png

InfProd_2089.png

Double series involving lemniscate sine and cosine :

InfProd_2090.png

InfProd_2091.png

InfProd_2092.png

Both sums above show only asymmetric convergence, i.e.  the range of summation index i must be much larger than the one of j, the convergence of the imaginary part is faster.

InfProd_2093.png

Some values of Eisenstein series :

InfProd_2094.png

InfProd_2095.gif

The coefficients of InfProd_2096.png written as hn[4s], (s = 2, 3,…) are called Hurwitz numbers and may be calculated by the following recurrence:

InfProd_2097.png

InfProd_2098.png

or directly by :

InfProd_2099.png

InfProd_2100.png

InfProd_2101.png

For s = 6, 10, 14, … the above right hand side of the equation above yields zero.

InfProd_2102.png

InfProd_2103.png

For s = 6, 10, 14, …  at x = 1 the right hand side of the equation above yields zero.

InfProd_2104.png

InfProd_2105.png

InfProd_2106.png

InfProd_2107.png

InfProd_2108.png

InfProd_2109.png

InfProd_2110.png

InfProd_2111.png

InfProd_2112.png

InfProd_2113.png

InfProd_2114.png

InfProd_2115.png

InfProd_2116.png

InfProd_2117.png

InfProd_2118.png

some of the next series appear also in electrostatic problems, see
Vigren E.; Dieckmann A.; Simple Solutions of Lattice Sums for Electric Fields Due to Infinitely Many Parallel Line Charges. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1040.

InfProd_2119.png

InfProd_2120.png

InfProd_2121.png

InfProd_2122.png

InfProd_2123.png

InfProd_2124.png

InfProd_2125.png

The encounter of lemniscate functions with electrostatics suggests a tribute to C.F.Gauss, who paved the way for a better understanding of so many problems.

InfProd_2126.png

InfProd_2127.png

InfProd_2128.png

The next double Series converges (asymmetric convergence) best numerically if i >> j.

InfProd_2129.png

Double Series involving the Zeta function :

InfProd_2130.png

InfProd_2131.png

InfProd_2132.png

InfProd_2133.gif

InfProd_2134.png

InfProd_2135.png

InfProd_2136.png

Multiple Series involving the Zeta function :

InfProd_2137.gif

InfProd_2138.png

For a few values of s = 2 to 6 (rows) and m = 1 to s - 1 (columns) the expansions of the right hand side above are given :

InfProd_2139.png
Zeta[3] InfProd_2140.png
InfProd_2141.png InfProd_2142.png InfProd_2143.png
Zeta[5] InfProd_2144.png InfProd_2145.png InfProd_2146.png
InfProd_2147.png InfProd_2148.png InfProd_2149.png InfProd_2150.png InfProd_2151.png

InfProd_2152.png

For a few values of s = 2 to 7 (rows) and m = 1 to s - 1 (columns) the expansions of the right hand side above are given (for m = 1 replace the returned 0’s with Zeta[s]) :

InfProd_2153.png
Zeta[3] InfProd_2154.png
InfProd_2155.png Zeta[3] InfProd_2156.png
Zeta[5] InfProd_2157.png InfProd_2158.png InfProd_2159.png
InfProd_2160.png Zeta[5] InfProd_2161.png InfProd_2162.png InfProd_2163.png
Zeta[7] InfProd_2164.png InfProd_2165.png InfProd_2166.png InfProd_2167.png InfProd_2168.png

The notation InfProd_2169.pngmeans that the divergent term 1/0 is excluded :

InfProd_2170.png

For a few values of  s = 1 to 6 (rows) and m = 1 to 5 (columns)  the expansions of the right hand side above are given :

Log[2] InfProd_2171.png InfProd_2172.png InfProd_2173.png InfProd_2174.png
InfProd_2175.png InfProd_2176.png InfProd_2177.png InfProd_2178.png InfProd_2179.png
InfProd_2180.png InfProd_2181.png InfProd_2182.png InfProd_2183.png InfProd_2184.png
InfProd_2185.png InfProd_2186.png InfProd_2187.png InfProd_2188.png InfProd_2189.png
InfProd_2190.png InfProd_2191.png InfProd_2192.png InfProd_2193.png InfProd_2194.png
InfProd_2195.png InfProd_2196.png InfProd_2197.png InfProd_2198.png InfProd_2199.png

InfProd_2200.png

where the number of numerically equal summands  InfProd_2201.png) in the first sum is counted by the multiplicity factor in large brackets within the second sum;

InfProd_2202.png

InfProd_2203.png

s controls the number of ‘slots’ inside the curly brackets of the Hypergeometric function, e.g. :

s = 4; HypergeometricPFQ[Join[Table[1, {k, 1, s}], {m}], Table[2, {k, 1, s}], -1]

InfProd_2204.png

For a few values of  s = 1 to 6 (rows) and m = 1 to 5 (columns) the expansions of the hypergeometric result above are given :

Table[HypergeometricPFQ[Join[Table[1, {k, 1, s}], {m}], Table[2, {k, 1, s}], -1], {s, 1, 6}, {m, 1, 5}] // FullSimplify // PowerExpand // Expand // TableForm

Log[2] InfProd_2205.png InfProd_2206.png InfProd_2207.png InfProd_2208.png
InfProd_2209.png Log[2] InfProd_2210.png InfProd_2211.png InfProd_2212.png
InfProd_2213.png InfProd_2214.png InfProd_2215.png InfProd_2216.png InfProd_2217.png
InfProd_2218.png InfProd_2219.png InfProd_2220.png InfProd_2221.png InfProd_2222.png
InfProd_2223.png InfProd_2224.png InfProd_2225.png InfProd_2226.png InfProd_2227.png
InfProd_2228.png InfProd_2229.png InfProd_2230.png InfProd_2231.png InfProd_2232.png

InfProd_2233.png

InfProd_2234.png

For a few values of s = 1 to 7 (rows) and m = 1 to 5 (columns)  the  results for the series above are given using a summation, that avoids ‘indeterminate’ answers.
Now the multiplicity of numerically equal summands  InfProd_2235.png) is determined by Binomial[k - 1, m - 1]:

InfProd_2236.png

-Log[2] InfProd_2237.png InfProd_2238.png InfProd_2239.png InfProd_2240.png
InfProd_2241.png InfProd_2242.png InfProd_2243.png InfProd_2244.png InfProd_2245.png
InfProd_2246.png InfProd_2247.png InfProd_2248.png InfProd_2249.png InfProd_2250.png
InfProd_2251.png InfProd_2252.png InfProd_2253.png InfProd_2254.png InfProd_2255.png
InfProd_2256.png InfProd_2257.png InfProd_2258.png InfProd_2259.png InfProd_2260.png
InfProd_2261.png InfProd_2262.png InfProd_2263.png InfProd_2264.png InfProd_2265.png
InfProd_2266.png InfProd_2267.png InfProd_2268.png InfProd_2269.png InfProd_2270.png

InfProd_2271.png

For the lowest values of s and m this sum is:

InfProd_2272.png

and

InfProd_2273.png

For the lowest values of s and m this sum is:

InfProd_2274.png

InfProd_2275.png

For the lowest values of s and m the sum is :

InfProd_2276.png

InfProd_2277.png

For the lowest values of s and m this sum is :

InfProd_2278.png

Many of the series found in this table are connected to a 'lattice version' like (try it!) :

InfProd_2279.png

For instance  (find an identity with start index 0, replace  kInfProd_2280.png ,  insert the Gammas, the j - 1 factorial  and sum over all i's) :

InfProd_2281.png

For a series  InfProd_2282.png starting with index 1 it is a little more involved, because the first lattice summand will be InfProd_2283.png :

InfProd_2284.png

So (for example) the lattice version of

InfProd_2285.png

InfProd_2286.png

Lattice q - sums :

InfProd_2287.png

InfProd_2288.png

InfProd_2289.png

Following ideas of (R4) look at the m-dimensional lattice sum

InfProd_2290.png

where the summands characterized by  InfProd_2291.png = k occur with a certain multiplicity InfProd_2292.png given by

InfProd_2293.png

This tells the number of ways to express k as a sum of m integers InfProd_2294.png (how often a certain term ' k' occurs) ,
for instance  (k = 3, m = 2; 4 ways) : 3 = 0 + 3 or 3 + 0 or 1 + 2 or 2 + 1.
Then the lattice sum can be reduced to a single sum like

InfProd_2295.png

which gives after multiplication with (m - 1)! and evaluation

InfProd_2296.png

This identity can be used to successively get values of InfProd_2297.png. It  determines InfProd_2298.png at m = 3:

InfProd_2299.png

Expanding the sum over (k+2) shows InfProd_2300.png and InfProd_2301.png, and if it is assumed that InfProd_2302.png = 1/2 (regularization), then it follows that InfProd_2303.png = - 1/4.

For m = n + 2 the sum reads :

InfProd_2304.png

The product inside the sum may be decomposed into a double series of StirlingS1 numbers :

InfProd_2305.png

2+k 2+k
InfProd_2306.png InfProd_2307.png
InfProd_2308.png InfProd_2309.png
InfProd_2310.png InfProd_2311.png
InfProd_2312.png InfProd_2313.png

Isolating the term in (**) with the highest exponent (set the stop index in the sum over j in the table to n - 1) now allows a recursive calculation of the InfProd_2314.pnglike:

InfProd_2315.png

InfProd_2316.png

Shown above are the InfProd_2317.png for n from 0 to 10 together with the results of corresponding Mathematica sums employing ' Abel' regularization as well as the symbolic HurwitzZeta given at the start of the paragraph.

InfProd_2318.png

diverse Series :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_2319.png

InfProd_2320.png

InfProd_2321.png

InfProd_2322.png

InfProd_2323.png

InfProd_2324.png

InfProd_2325.png

InfProd_2326.png

InfProd_2327.png

InfProd_2328.png

InfProd_2329.png

The appearing of n or m as summation stop index implies n, m ∈ N.

InfProd_2330.png

InfProd_2331.png

InfProd_2332.png

InfProd_2333.png

InfProd_2334.png

InfProd_2335.png

InfProd_2336.png

InfProd_2337.png

InfProd_2338.png

InfProd_2339.png

InfProd_2340.png

InfProd_2341.png

InfProd_2342.png

( Zeta[n - 1] - Zeta[n] = Zeta[n - 1, 0] - Zeta[n, 0] = Zeta[n - 1, 1] - Zeta[n, 1] = Zeta[n - 1, 2] - Zeta[n, 2],   Zeta[n,1] = Zeta[n,0] = Zeta[n] )

InfProd_2343.png

InfProd_2344.png

InfProd_2345.png

InfProd_2346.png

InfProd_2347.png

InfProd_2348.png

InfProd_2349.png

InfProd_2350.png

InfProd_2351.png

InfProd_2352.png

InfProd_2353.png

InfProd_2354.png

InfProd_2355.png

InfProd_2356.png

InfProd_2357.png

InfProd_2358.png

InfProd_2359.png

InfProd_2360.png

InfProd_2361.png

InfProd_2362.png

InfProd_2363.gif

InfProd_2364.png

InfProd_2365.png

InfProd_2366.png

InfProd_2367.png

InfProd_2368.png

InfProd_2369.png

InfProd_2370.png

Sum of the inverse m - gonal numbers :

InfProd_2371.png

InfProd_2372.png

Values of the series for the first m :

InfProd_2373.png

The sum of  integer powers  of the inverse m - gonal numbers :

InfProd_2374.png

The quadratic case m = 4, where the formula above gives an indeterminate result,  may be calculated as :

InfProd_2375.png

k - nomial triangles:

Generate the  k - nomial triangle  as coefficents of InfProd_2376.png:
(the mth coefficient in the nth row  gives the frequency of the sum of points with value m + n - 2, shown after a throw of n - 1  fair k-sided dice; displayed are the cases k = {2 bi-, 3 tri-, 4 quadrinomial}, up to n = 5)
InfProd_2377.gif

other series:

The sum  InfProd_2378.png  gives following results for some rational s = p/q :

InfProd_2379.png

InfProd_2380.png

InfProd_2381.png

InfProd_2382.png

InfProd_2383.gif

InfProd_2384.png

InfProd_2385.png

InfProd_2386.png

InfProd_2387.png

InfProd_2388.png

InfProd_2389.png

InfProd_2390.png

InfProd_2391.png

InfProd_2392.png

InfProd_2393.png

InfProd_2394.png

InfProd_2395.png

InfProd_2396.png

InfProd_2397.png

InfProd_2398.png

InfProd_2399.png

InfProd_2400.png

InfProd_2401.png

InfProd_2402.png

InfProd_2403.png

InfProd_2404.png

InfProd_2405.png

InfProd_2406.png

InfProd_2407.png

InfProd_2408.png

InfProd_2409.png

InfProd_2410.png

InfProd_2411.png

InfProd_2412.png

InfProd_2413.png

InfProd_2414.png

InfProd_2415.png

InfProd_2416.png

This sum alternates between ± π  for z ∈ N :

InfProd_2417.png

In the following 4 expressions b =InfProd_2418.png :

InfProd_2419.png

InfProd_2420.png

InfProd_2421.png

InfProd_2422.png

InfProd_2423.png

InfProd_2424.png

InfProd_2425.png

InfProd_2426.png

InfProd_2427.png

InfProd_2428.png

InfProd_2429.png

The next three expressions contain s = InfProd_2430.png and t = InfProd_2431.png:

InfProd_2432.png

InfProd_2433.png

InfProd_2434.png

InfProd_2435.png

InfProd_2436.png

InfProd_2437.png

InfProd_2438.png

InfProd_2439.png

InfProd_2440.png

InfProd_2441.png

InfProd_2442.png

InfProd_2443.png

InfProd_2444.png

InfProd_2445.png

InfProd_2446.png

InfProd_2447.png

InfProd_2448.png

InfProd_2449.png

InfProd_2450.png

InfProd_2451.png

InfProd_2452.png

InfProd_2453.png

During a visit in London Leibniz was asked by Huygens to evaluate the sum InfProd_2454.png. He knew about partial fraction decomposition (see next line) and solved it. (Hirsch, der berühmte Herr Leibniz : eine Biographie)

InfProd_2455.gif

InfProd_2456.png

InfProd_2457.png

InfProd_2458.png

InfProd_2459.png

The sum of  integer powers  of the inverse trigonal numbers :

InfProd_2460.png

InfProd_2461.png

InfProd_2462.png

InfProd_2463.png

InfProd_2464.png

InfProd_2465.png

InfProd_2466.png

InfProd_2467.png

InfProd_2468.png

InfProd_2469.png

InfProd_2470.png

InfProd_2471.png

InfProd_2472.png

InfProd_2473.png

InfProd_2474.png

InfProd_2475.png

InfProd_2476.png

InfProd_2477.png

InfProd_2478.png

InfProd_2479.png

InfProd_2480.png

InfProd_2481.png

InfProd_2482.png

InfProd_2483.png

InfProd_2484.png

InfProd_2485.png

InfProd_2486.png

InfProd_2487.png

InfProd_2488.png

InfProd_2489.png

InfProd_2490.png

InfProd_2491.png

InfProd_2492.png

InfProd_2493.png

InfProd_2494.png

InfProd_2495.png

InfProd_2496.png

InfProd_2497.png

InfProd_2498.png

Series of Logarithms :   ( Back to Top )

(m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[q], K[m] = EllipticK[m], E[m] = EllipticE[m]), the appearing of n or n - 1 as summation stop index implies n ∈ N.

InfProd_2499.png

InfProd_2500.png

InfProd_2501.png

InfProd_2502.png

InfProd_2503.png

InfProd_2504.png

InfProd_2505.png

InfProd_2506.png

InfProd_2507.png

InfProd_2508.png

InfProd_2509.png

InfProd_2510.png

InfProd_2511.png

InfProd_2512.png

InfProd_2513.png

InfProd_2514.png

InfProd_2515.png

InfProd_2516.png

InfProd_2517.png

InfProd_2518.png

InfProd_2519.png

InfProd_2520.png

InfProd_2521.png

InfProd_2522.png

InfProd_2523.png

InfProd_2524.png

InfProd_2525.png

InfProd_2526.png

InfProd_2527.png

InfProd_2528.png

InfProd_2529.png

InfProd_2530.png

InfProd_2531.png

InfProd_2532.png

InfProd_2533.png

InfProd_2534.png

InfProd_2535.gif

InfProd_2536.png

InfProd_2537.png

InfProd_2538.png

InfProd_2539.png

InfProd_2540.png

InfProd_2541.png

InfProd_2542.png

InfProd_2543.png

InfProd_2544.gif

InfProd_2545.png

InfProd_2546.png

InfProd_2547.png

InfProd_2548.png

InfProd_2549.png

InfProd_2550.png

InfProd_2551.png

InfProd_2552.png

InfProd_2553.png

InfProd_2554.png

InfProd_2555.png

InfProd_2556.png

InfProd_2557.png

InfProd_2558.png

InfProd_2559.png

InfProd_2560.png

InfProd_2561.png

InfProd_2562.png

InfProd_2563.png

InfProd_2564.png

InfProd_2565.png

InfProd_2566.png

InfProd_2567.png

InfProd_2568.png

InfProd_2569.png

InfProd_2570.png

InfProd_2571.png

InfProd_2572.png

InfProd_2573.png

InfProd_2574.png

InfProd_2575.png

InfProd_2576.png

InfProd_2577.png

InfProd_2578.png

InfProd_2579.png

InfProd_2580.png

InfProd_2581.png

InfProd_2582.png

InfProd_2583.png

InfProd_2584.png

InfProd_2585.png

InfProd_2586.png

InfProd_2587.png

InfProd_2588.png

InfProd_2589.png

InfProd_2590.png

InfProd_2591.png

InfProd_2592.png

InfProd_2593.png

InfProd_2594.png

InfProd_2595.png

InfProd_2596.png

InfProd_2597.png

InfProd_2598.png

InfProd_2599.png

InfProd_2600.png

InfProd_2601.png

InfProd_2602.png

InfProd_2603.png

InfProd_2604.png

InfProd_2605.png

InfProd_2606.png

InfProd_2607.png

InfProd_2608.png

InfProd_2609.png

Next is the 'Fountain' function, plot it in the range of -50 < z < 10 with parameter values of a between -3 and 1 !

InfProd_2610.png

InfProd_2611.png

InfProd_2612.png

InfProd_2613.gif

InfProd_2614.png

InfProd_2615.png

InfProd_2616.png

InfProd_2617.png

InfProd_2618.png

InfProd_2619.png

InfProd_2620.png

InfProd_2621.png

InfProd_2622.png

InfProd_2623.png

InfProd_2624.png

InfProd_2625.png

InfProd_2626.png

InfProd_2627.png

InfProd_2628.png

InfProd_2629.png

InfProd_2630.png

InfProd_2631.png

InfProd_2632.png

InfProd_2633.png

InfProd_2634.png

InfProd_2635.png

InfProd_2636.png

InfProd_2637.png

InfProd_2638.png

InfProd_2639.png

InfProd_2640.png

InfProd_2641.png

InfProd_2642.png

InfProd_2643.png

InfProd_2644.png

InfProd_2645.png

InfProd_2646.png

InfProd_2647.png

InfProd_2648.png

some of the next series appear also in electrostatic problems, see
Vigren E.; Dieckmann A. ; Simple Solutions of Lattice Sums for Electric Fields Due to Infinitely Many Parallel Line Charges. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1040.

InfProd_2649.png

Lattice Sums :

InfProd_2650.png

InfProd_2651.png

InfProd_2652.png

Exchange x ⇔ y in previous expression :

InfProd_2653.png

derived from above series :

InfProd_2654.png

InfProd_2655.png

The double sum below leads to Green' s function for the Laplace Operator in two dimensions inside a rectangle with sides a and b, the point source being located at xq, yq :

InfProd_2656.png

InfProd_2657.png

InfProd_2658.png

Series over prime numbers :

InfProd_2659.png

InfProd_2660.png

InfProd_2661.png

Series of Inverse Tangents ( Arcustangent ) :   ( Back to Top )

(m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[q], K[m] = EllipticK[m], E[m] = EllipticE[m]), the appearing of n or n - 1 as summation stop index implies n ∈ N.

InfProd_2662.png

InfProd_2663.png

InfProd_2664.png

InfProd_2665.png

InfProd_2666.png

InfProd_2667.png

InfProd_2668.png

InfProd_2669.png

InfProd_2670.png

InfProd_2671.png

InfProd_2672.png

InfProd_2673.png

InfProd_2674.png

InfProd_2675.png

InfProd_2676.png

InfProd_2677.png

InfProd_2678.png

InfProd_2679.png

InfProd_2680.png

InfProd_2681.png

InfProd_2682.gif

InfProd_2683.png

InfProd_2684.png

InfProd_2685.png

LogGamma[z] is used, because it has a simpler branch strucure than Log[Gamma[z]] and avoids many discontinuities.

InfProd_2686.png

InfProd_2687.png

InfProd_2688.png

InfProd_2689.png

InfProd_2690.png

InfProd_2691.png

InfProd_2692.png

InfProd_2693.png

InfProd_2694.png

InfProd_2695.png

InfProd_2696.png

InfProd_2697.png

InfProd_2698.png

InfProd_2699.png

InfProd_2700.png

InfProd_2701.png

InfProd_2702.png

InfProd_2703.png

InfProd_2704.png

InfProd_2705.png

InfProd_2706.png

InfProd_2707.png

InfProd_2708.png

InfProd_2709.png

InfProd_2710.png

InfProd_2711.png

InfProd_2712.png

InfProd_2713.png

InfProd_2714.png

InfProd_2715.png

InfProd_2716.png

InfProd_2717.png

InfProd_2718.png

InfProd_2719.png

InfProd_2720.png

InfProd_2721.png

InfProd_2722.png

InfProd_2723.png

InfProd_2724.png

InfProd_2725.png

InfProd_2726.png

InfProd_2727.png

InfProd_2728.png

InfProd_2729.png

InfProd_2730.png

InfProd_2731.png

InfProd_2732.png

InfProd_2733.gif

InfProd_2734.png

Lattice Sums :

InfProd_2735.png

InfProd_2736.png

Some ArcTan Identities :

InfProd_2737.gif

InfProd_2738.png

InfProd_2739.png

InfProd_2740.png

InfProd_2741.png

Special values :

InfProd_2742.png

Series of Bessel Functions :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_2743.png

InfProd_2744.png

InfProd_2745.png

InfProd_2746.png

InfProd_2747.png

InfProd_2748.png

InfProd_2749.png

InfProd_2750.png

InfProd_2751.png

InfProd_2752.png

InfProd_2753.png

InfProd_2754.png

InfProd_2755.png

InfProd_2756.png

InfProd_2757.png

InfProd_2758.png

InfProd_2759.png

InfProd_2760.png

InfProd_2761.png

InfProd_2762.png

InfProd_2763.png

InfProd_2764.png

InfProd_2765.png

InfProd_2766.png

InfProd_2767.png

InfProd_2768.png

InfProd_2769.png

InfProd_2770.png

InfProd_2771.png

InfProd_2772.png

InfProd_2773.png

InfProd_2774.png

InfProd_2775.png

InfProd_2776.png

InfProd_2777.png

InfProd_2778.png

InfProd_2779.png

InfProd_2780.png

InfProd_2781.png

InfProd_2782.png

InfProd_2783.png

InfProd_2784.png

InfProd_2785.png

InfProd_2786.png

InfProd_2787.png

InfProd_2788.png

InfProd_2789.png

InfProd_2790.png

InfProd_2791.png

InfProd_2792.png

InfProd_2793.png

InfProd_2794.png

InfProd_2795.png

For numerical tests replace every ∞ in the results with the same (large enough) number.

InfProd_2796.png

InfProd_2797.png

InfProd_2798.png

InfProd_2799.png

InfProd_2800.png

InfProd_2801.png

InfProd_2802.png

InfProd_2803.png

InfProd_2804.png

InfProd_2805.png

InfProd_2806.png

InfProd_2807.png

InfProd_2808.png

InfProd_2809.png

InfProd_2810.png

InfProd_2811.png

InfProd_2812.png

InfProd_2813.png

InfProd_2814.png

InfProd_2815.png

InfProd_2816.png

InfProd_2817.png

InfProd_2818.png

InfProd_2819.png

InfProd_2820.png

InfProd_2821.png

InfProd_2822.png

InfProd_2823.png

InfProd_2824.png

InfProd_2825.png

InfProd_2826.png

InfProd_2827.png

InfProd_2828.png

InfProd_2829.png

InfProd_2830.png

InfProd_2831.png

InfProd_2832.png

InfProd_2833.png

InfProd_2834.png

InfProd_2835.png

InfProd_2836.png

InfProd_2837.png

InfProd_2838.png

InfProd_2839.png

InfProd_2840.png

InfProd_2841.png

InfProd_2842.png

Cases of Neumann' s addition theorem :

InfProd_2843.png

InfProd_2844.png

Cases of Graf' s addition theorem :

InfProd_2845.png

InfProd_2846.png

InfProd_2847.png

InfProd_2848.png

InfProd_2849.png

InfProd_2850.png

InfProd_2851.png

InfProd_2852.png

InfProd_2853.png

InfProd_2854.png

InfProd_2855.png

InfProd_2856.png

InfProd_2857.png

InfProd_2858.gif

InfProd_2859.png

InfProd_2860.png

InfProd_2861.png

InfProd_2862.png

InfProd_2863.png

InfProd_2864.png

Series of Legendre Polynomials :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_2865.png

InfProd_2866.png

InfProd_2867.png

InfProd_2868.png

InfProd_2869.png

InfProd_2870.png

InfProd_2871.png

InfProd_2872.png

InfProd_2873.png

InfProd_2874.png

InfProd_2875.png

InfProd_2876.png

InfProd_2877.png

InfProd_2878.png

InfProd_2879.png

InfProd_2880.png

InfProd_2881.png

InfProd_2882.png

InfProd_2883.png

InfProd_2884.png

InfProd_2885.png

InfProd_2886.png

InfProd_2887.png

InfProd_2888.png

InfProd_2889.png

Laguerre Polynomials:

InfProd_2890.png

InfProd_2891.png

Laguerre Polynomials with negative Index

InfProd_2892.png

Series of Jacobi Polynomials :

InfProd_2893.png

InfProd_2894.png

Series of Hermite Polynomials :

InfProd_2895.png

InfProd_2896.png

InfProd_2897.png

InfProd_2898.png

InfProd_2899.png

InfProd_2900.png

Series of Zeta, PolyGamma, PolyLog and related :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_2901.png

InfProd_2902.png

InfProd_2903.png

InfProd_2904.png

InfProd_2905.png

InfProd_2906.png

InfProd_2907.png

InfProd_2908.png

InfProd_2909.png

InfProd_2910.png

InfProd_2911.png

InfProd_2912.png

InfProd_2913.png

InfProd_2914.png

InfProd_2915.png

InfProd_2916.png

InfProd_2917.png

InfProd_2918.png

InfProd_2919.png

InfProd_2920.png

InfProd_2921.png

InfProd_2922.png

InfProd_2923.png

InfProd_2924.png

InfProd_2925.png

InfProd_2926.png

InfProd_2927.png

InfProd_2928.png

InfProd_2929.png

InfProd_2930.png

InfProd_2931.png

InfProd_2932.png

InfProd_2933.png

InfProd_2934.png

InfProd_2935.png

InfProd_2936.png

InfProd_2937.png

InfProd_2938.png

InfProd_2939.png

The next expression is an asymptotic approximation in s (better than 1 % ):

InfProd_2940.png

InfProd_2941.png

InfProd_2942.png

InfProd_2943.png

InfProd_2944.png

InfProd_2945.png

InfProd_2946.png

InfProd_2947.png

InfProd_2948.png

InfProd_2949.png

InfProd_2950.png

InfProd_2951.png

InfProd_2952.png

InfProd_2953.png

InfProd_2954.png

InfProd_2955.png

InfProd_2956.gif

Special Values of Zeta :

InfProd_2957.png

InfProd_2958.png

InfProd_2959.png

InfProd_2960.png

InfProd_2961.gif

InfProd_2962.png

InfProd_2963.png

InfProd_2964.png

InfProd_2965.png

PolyGamma :

InfProd_2966.png

InfProd_2967.png

InfProd_2968.png

InfProd_2969.png

InfProd_2970.png

InfProd_2971.png

InfProd_2972.png

InfProd_2973.png

InfProd_2974.png

InfProd_2975.png

InfProd_2976.png

InfProd_2977.png

InfProd_2978.png

InfProd_2979.png

InfProd_2980.png

InfProd_2981.png

InfProd_2982.png

InfProd_2983.png

InfProd_2984.png

InfProd_2985.png

InfProd_2986.png

InfProd_2987.png

InfProd_2988.png

InfProd_2989.png

InfProd_2990.png

InfProd_2991.png

InfProd_2992.png

InfProd_2993.png

InfProd_2994.png

InfProd_2995.png

InfProd_2996.png

InfProd_2997.png

InfProd_2998.png

InfProd_2999.png

InfProd_3000.png

InfProd_3001.png

InfProd_3002.png

InfProd_3003.png

InfProd_3004.gif

InfProd_3005.png

InfProd_3006.png

InfProd_3007.png

PolyLog and  LerchPhi :

InfProd_3008.png

InfProd_3009.png

InfProd_3010.png

InfProd_3011.png

InfProd_3012.png

InfProd_3013.png

InfProd_3014.png

InfProd_3015.png

InfProd_3016.png

InfProd_3017.png

InfProd_3018.png

InfProd_3019.png

InfProd_3020.png

The sum inside the large brackets above gives the Eulerian numbers .

InfProd_3021.gif

InfProd_3022.png

InfProd_3023.png

InfProd_3024.png

InfProd_3025.png

InfProd_3026.png

InfProd_3027.gif

InfProd_3028.png

InfProd_3029.png

InfProd_3030.png

InfProd_3031.png

InfProd_3032.png

InfProd_3033.png

InfProd_3034.png

InfProd_3035.png

InfProd_3036.png

InfProd_3037.png

InfProd_3038.png

InfProd_3039.png

InfProd_3040.png

InfProd_3041.png

InfProd_3042.png

InfProd_3043.png

InfProd_3044.png

InfProd_3045.png

InfProd_3046.png

InfProd_3047.png

InfProd_3048.png

InfProd_3049.png

InfProd_3050.png

InfProd_3051.png

InfProd_3052.png

InfProd_3053.png

InfProd_3054.png

InfProd_3055.png

InfProd_3056.png

InfProd_3057.png

InfProd_3058.png

InfProd_3059.png

InfProd_3060.png

InfProd_3061.png

InfProd_3062.png

InfProd_3063.png

InfProd_3064.png

InfProd_3065.png

InfProd_3066.png

InfProd_3067.png

From Reynolds’ LerchPhi equation (4.1) in https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.12565.pdf :

InfProd_3068.png

InfProd_3069.png

InfProd_3070.png

InfProd_3071.png

InfProd_3072.png

InfProd_3073.png

InfProd_3074.png

InfProd_3075.png

InfProd_3076.png

InfProd_3077.png

InfProd_3078.png

InfProd_3079.png

InfProd_3080.png

InfProd_3081.png

InfProd_3082.png

InfProd_3083.png

InfProd_3084.png

InfProd_3085.png

InfProd_3086.png

InfProd_3087.png

InfProd_3088.png

InfProd_3089.png

Special Values of PolyLog and LerchPhi :

InfProd_3090.png

InfProd_3091.png

InfProd_3092.png

InfProd_3093.png

InfProd_3094.png

InfProd_3095.png

InfProd_3096.png

InfProd_3097.png

InfProd_3098.png

InfProd_3099.png

InfProd_3100.png

InfProd_3101.png

InfProd_3102.png

InfProd_3103.png

InfProd_3104.png

InfProd_3105.gif

InfProd_3106.png

InfProd_3107.gif

InfProd_3108.png

InfProd_3109.png

InfProd_3110.png

InfProd_3111.png

InfProd_3112.png

Series of Beta Functions :   ( Back to Top )

Recurrence relation : Beta[x, a + 1, b] + Beta[x, a, b + 1] = Beta[x, a, b];

InfProd_3113.png

InfProd_3114.png

InfProd_3115.png

InfProd_3116.png

InfProd_3117.png

InfProd_3118.png

InfProd_3119.png

InfProd_3120.png

InfProd_3121.png

InfProd_3122.png

InfProd_3123.png

InfProd_3124.png

InfProd_3125.png

InfProd_3126.png

InfProd_3127.png

InfProd_3128.png

InfProd_3129.png

InfProd_3130.png

InfProd_3131.png

InfProd_3132.png

InfProd_3133.png

InfProd_3134.png

InfProd_3135.png

InfProd_3136.png

InfProd_3137.png

InfProd_3138.png

InfProd_3139.png

InfProd_3140.png

InfProd_3141.png

InfProd_3142.png

InfProd_3143.png

InfProd_3144.png

InfProd_3145.png

InfProd_3146.png

InfProd_3147.png

InfProd_3148.png

InfProd_3149.png

InfProd_3150.png

InfProd_3151.png

InfProd_3152.png

Special  values  of  Beta related functions :

InfProd_3153.png

InfProd_3154.png

Series of Gamma Functions :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_3155.png

InfProd_3156.png

Dougall' s Formula :

InfProd_3157.png

InfProd_3158.png

InfProd_3159.png

InfProd_3160.png

InfProd_3161.png

InfProd_3162.gif

InfProd_3163.png

InfProd_3164.png

InfProd_3165.png

InfProd_3166.png

InfProd_3167.png

InfProd_3168.png

InfProd_3169.png

InfProd_3170.png

InfProd_3171.png

InfProd_3172.png

InfProd_3173.png

InfProd_3174.png

InfProd_3175.png

InfProd_3176.png

InfProd_3177.png

InfProd_3178.png

InfProd_3179.png

note the offset of 1/2 that appears in the result of the second series above if a is set to 1.

InfProd_3180.png

InfProd_3181.png

InfProd_3182.png

InfProd_3183.png

InfProd_3184.png

InfProd_3185.png

InfProd_3186.png

The real part of the following Gamma series doesn' t converge :

InfProd_3187.png

InfProd_3188.png

InfProd_3189.png

InfProd_3190.png

InfProd_3191.png

InfProd_3192.png

InfProd_3193.png

Gamma Identities :

InfProd_3194.png

InfProd_3195.png

InfProd_3196.png

Special value of Gamma :

InfProd_3197.png

Special values of InverseGammaRegularized :

InfProd_3198.png

Series involving HarmonicNumber : ( Back To Top )

InfProd_3199.png

InfProd_3200.png

InfProd_3201.png

InfProd_3202.png

InfProd_3203.png

InfProd_3204.png

InfProd_3205.png

InfProd_3206.png

InfProd_3207.png

InfProd_3208.png

InfProd_3209.png

InfProd_3210.png

InfProd_3211.png

InfProd_3212.png

InfProd_3213.png

InfProd_3214.png

InfProd_3215.png

InfProd_3216.png

InfProd_3217.png

InfProd_3218.png

InfProd_3219.png

InfProd_3220.png

InfProd_3221.png

InfProd_3222.png

InfProd_3223.png

InfProd_3224.png

For n = 1 to 10    InfProd_3225.png is:

1: InfProd_3226.png -0.58224053
2: InfProd_3227.png -0.90797054
3: InfProd_3228.png -1.13055188
4: InfProd_3229.png -1.29927612
5: InfProd_3230.png -1.43505814
6: InfProd_3231.png -1.54863772
7: InfProd_3232.png -1.64624639
8: InfProd_3233.png -1.73181782
9: InfProd_3234.png -1.80799286
10: InfProd_3235.png -1.87662974

InfProd_3236.png

InfProd_3237.png

For n = 1 to 4     InfProd_3238.png is:

1: InfProd_3239.png 2.40411381
2: InfProd_3240.png 3.30565648
3: InfProd_3241.png 3.88459579
4: InfProd_3242.png 4.31204500

InfProd_3243.png

InfProd_3244.png

For n = 1 to 3     InfProd_3245.png is:

1: InfProd_3246.png -0.7512856
2: InfProd_3247.png -1.1496340
3: InfProd_3248.png -1.4185815

InfProd_3249.png

InfProd_3250.png

InfProd_3251.png

InfProd_3252.png

InfProd_3253.png

InfProd_3254.png

InfProd_3255.png

InfProd_3256.png

InfProd_3257.png

InfProd_3258.png

InfProd_3259.png

InfProd_3260.png

InfProd_3261.png

InfProd_3262.png

InfProd_3263.png

InfProd_3264.png

InfProd_3265.png

InfProd_3266.png

InfProd_3267.png

InfProd_3268.png

InfProd_3269.png

The notation in the Exponent of the hypergeometric function says : take the derivative with respect to the seventh argument and then give it the value 1 - a or 1 + a.

Series involving Hypergeometric Functions : ( Back to Top )

InfProd_3270.png

InfProd_3271.png

InfProd_3272.png

InfProd_3273.png

InfProd_3274.png

InfProd_3275.png

InfProd_3276.png

InfProd_3277.png

InfProd_3278.png

InfProd_3279.png

InfProd_3280.png

InfProd_3281.png

InfProd_3282.png

InfProd_3283.png

InfProd_3284.png

InfProd_3285.png

InfProd_3286.png

InfProd_3287.png

InfProd_3288.png

InfProd_3289.png

InfProd_3290.png

InfProd_3291.png

InfProd_3292.png

InfProd_3293.png

InfProd_3294.png

InfProd_3295.png

InfProd_3296.png

InfProd_3297.png

InfProd_3298.png

InfProd_3299.png

InfProd_3300.png

InfProd_3301.png

InfProd_3302.png

InfProd_3303.png

InfProd_3304.png

InfProd_3305.png

InfProd_3306.png

InfProd_3307.png

InfProd_3308.png

InfProd_3309.png

InfProd_3310.png

InfProd_3311.png

InfProd_3312.png

InfProd_3313.png

InfProd_3314.png

InfProd_3315.png

InfProd_3316.png

InfProd_3317.png

InfProd_3318.png

InfProd_3319.png

InfProd_3320.png

InfProd_3321.png

InfProd_3322.png

InfProd_3323.png

InfProd_3324.png

InfProd_3325.png

InfProd_3326.png

InfProd_3327.png

InfProd_3328.png

InfProd_3329.png

InfProd_3330.png

Hypergeometric  identity :

InfProd_3331.png

Special value:

InfProd_3332.png

Some Limits :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_3333.png

InfProd_3334.png

InfProd_3335.gif

InfProd_3336.png

InfProd_3337.png

InfProd_3338.png

InfProd_3339.png

InfProd_3340.png

InfProd_3341.png

InfProd_3342.png

InfProd_3343.png

InfProd_3344.png

InfProd_3345.png

InfProd_3346.png

InfProd_3347.png

InfProd_3348.png

InfProd_3349.png

InfProd_3350.png

InfProd_3351.png

InfProd_3352.png

InfProd_3353.png

A few Integrals :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_3354.png

Substitute  InfProd_3355.png   and the Feynman - Hibbs Integral

InfProd_3356.png

InfProd_3357.png

and derivatives :

InfProd_3358.png is the mth derivative with respect to a :

InfProd_3359.png

InfProd_3360.png

InfProd_3361.png

InfProd_3362.png

Iterated Expressions  ( Tetration ) :   ( Back to Top )

InfProd_3363.gif

InfProd_3364.png

InfProd_3365.gif

InfProd_3366.png

InfProd_3367.png

InfProd_3368.png

InfProd_3369.png

The above function f[x] = - ProductLog[-Log[x]] / Log[x] has a special 'swapping' symmetry of basis and exponent in its argument: InfProd_3370.png
f[x] is not defined beyond the maximum of its inverse function InfProd_3371.png, namely  InfProd_3372.png< x, so with this symmetry it is plausible that the exponential tower
doesn't converge for x < InfProd_3373.png as well, where it shows a kind of bifurcation.

Solve special recursions using a corresponding differential equation:

Consider recursions of the form f[k+1] = f[0] g[ f[k] ] + f[k] that converge to finite values for large k. They may sometimes be solved by using a differential equation.
If  f[0] ~ x/n, where some large k is  k ≤ n, then f[0] will be small and the differential equation to try to solve reads  y'[x] == g[ y[x] ] with boundary condition y[0] = x/n.
The recursion f[n] calculated starting from a certain value of x/n will then converge to y[x].
Several cases of g[ f[k] ] are presented.  All result in strictly monotonically increasing y[x] over their respective domain.
Verify that your selection of {a,b,c} and size of n is working out by numerical and graphical check,
(The value of n may have to be inceased in some cases for better convergence; if the limit n→ ∞ leads to y = 0, keep n at a large but finite value as shown in the Sin[] and Tan[] example below):

InfProd_3374.png

The points of the recursion are iteratively calculated and can be subsequently plotted together with the result in this case like

InfProd_3375.gif

You may have to adapt the Plot ranges and intervalls of x to the next exemplary cases :

InfProd_3376.png

InfProd_3377.png

InfProd_3378.png

InfProd_3379.png

InfProd_3380.png

InfProd_3381.png

InfProd_3382.png

InfProd_3383.png

InfProd_3384.png

InfProd_3385.png

InfProd_3386.png

InfProd_3387.png

InfProd_3388.png

InfProd_3389.png

InfProd_3390.png

InfProd_3391.png

InfProd_3392.png

InfProd_3393.png

InfProd_3394.png

InfProd_3395.png

Some Properties of ProductLog, LerchPhi and PolyLog   ( Back to Top )

For 1/e ≤ x    is ProductLog[ x Log[ x ]]        =    Log[ x ] .
For 0 ≤ x ≤ e    is ProductLog[ - Log[ x ] / x]    = - Log[ x ] .
For 0 ≤ x        is Log[ ProductLog[ x ] ]        =   Log[ x ] - ProductLog[ x ] .

InfProd_3396.png

InfProd_3397.png

InfProd_3398.png

InfProd_3399.png

1
1 2
1 8 6
1 22 58 24

InfProd_3400.png

For purely imaginary arguments (x ∈ R) the complex decomposition of LerchPhi is :

InfProd_3401.png

These carry over with a = 0 to PolyLog :

InfProd_3402.png

InfProd_3403.png

The imaginary part of LerchPhi[x, s, a] with 1 ≤ x ∈ R is given by :

InfProd_3404.png

And with a = 0 follows the imaginary part of PolyLog[ s, x] :

InfProd_3405.png

The complex decomposition of  InfProd_3406.png with 1 ≤ x ∈ R and 0 ≤ {b, s} ∈ N into real and imaginary part can be obtained by the following expression :

InfProd_3407.png

explicitly for low s and b = 2 :

InfProd_3408.png InfProd_3409.png
InfProd_3410.png InfProd_3411.png
InfProd_3412.png InfProd_3413.png
InfProd_3414.png InfProd_3415.png
InfProd_3416.png InfProd_3417.png
InfProd_3418.png InfProd_3419.png

For all z ∈ C not on the real axis in ( -∞ < z < 1) and 0 ≤ {b, s} ∈ N the following inversion identity holds
(the If statement inserts a '+' in case of an imaginary part of z larger than zero, a '-' in all other cases) :

InfProd_3420.png

The real part of  InfProd_3421.pngwith 1 ≤ x ∈ R is also given by

InfProd_3422.png

For (b ∈ N) is

InfProd_3423.png

The real and imaginary parts of LerchPhi[ InfProd_3424.png, 2, 1/2 ] (on the unit circle) are

InfProd_3425.png

With Clausen type functions for LerchPhi defined as

InfProd_3426.png

InfProd_3427.png

(0 < s ∈ Integer, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, the even CLi and the odd SLi are expressible through Euler Polynomials),
the real and imaginary parts of InfProd_3428.pngInfProd_3429.png (on the unit circle) are

InfProd_3430.png

the expressions for InfProd_3431.png with lowest s being

InfProd_3432.png InfProd_3433.png
InfProd_3434.png InfProd_3435.png
InfProd_3436.png InfProd_3437.png
InfProd_3438.png InfProd_3439.png
InfProd_3440.png InfProd_3441.png
InfProd_3442.png InfProd_3443.png

The above polynomials in a make nice approximations to trigonometric functions, getting better with increasing s.
The first non polynomial partnerfunctions are found to be

InfProd_3444.png

The function InfProd_3445.png has an interesting derivative :

InfProd_3446.png

that means the lower CLi and SLi are essentially derivatives of the higher ones.

With the LerchPhi index n being a negative Integer the function appears as a rational function :

InfProd_3447.png

With the PolyLog index being a negative Integer the function appears as a rational function :

InfProd_3448.png

With Clausen type functions defined as

InfProd_3449.png

InfProd_3450.png

(0 < s ∈ Integer, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π,  the even Ci and the odd Si are expressible through Bernoulli Polynomials),
the real and imaginary parts of InfProd_3451.png (on the unit circle) are

InfProd_3452.png

the expressions for InfProd_3453.png with lowest s being

InfProd_3454.png

The above polynomials in a make nice approximations to trigonometric functions, getting better with increasing s :

InfProd_3455.png

As before the derivative InfProd_3456.pngInfProd_3457.pngis InfProd_3458.png with lowered index.
The first non polynomial partnerfunctions are found to be

InfProd_3459.png

The complex decomposition of  PolyLog[s, x] with 1 ≤ x ∈ R and 0 ≤ s ∈ N can be obtained by the following expression :

InfProd_3460.png

explicitly for low s :

InfProd_3461.png InfProd_3462.png
InfProd_3463.png InfProd_3464.png
InfProd_3465.png InfProd_3466.png
InfProd_3467.png InfProd_3468.png
InfProd_3469.png InfProd_3470.png
InfProd_3471.png InfProd_3472.png
InfProd_3473.png InfProd_3474.png

For real x < 1  is :

InfProd_3475.png

InfProd_3476.png Log[x]-Log[1-x]-i π
InfProd_3477.png InfProd_3478.png
InfProd_3479.png InfProd_3480.png
InfProd_3481.png InfProd_3482.png
InfProd_3483.png InfProd_3484.png
InfProd_3485.png InfProd_3486.png

For all z ∈ C and not on the real axis in ( 0 ≤ z < 1 ) and 0 ≤  s ∈ N the following inversion identity holds :

InfProd_3487.png

LerchPhi and PolyLog display a similar (alternating with s) scheme in their real and imaginary parts :

InfProd_3488.png

InfProd_3489.png

InfProd_3490.png

InfProd_3491.png

InfProd_3492.png

InfProd_3493.png

InfProd_3494.png

InfProd_3495.png

The lowest Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials are

BernoulliB EulerE
InfProd_3496.png InfProd_3497.png InfProd_3498.png
InfProd_3499.png InfProd_3500.png InfProd_3501.png
InfProd_3502.png InfProd_3503.png InfProd_3504.png
InfProd_3505.png InfProd_3506.png InfProd_3507.png
InfProd_3508.png InfProd_3509.png InfProd_3510.png
InfProd_3511.png InfProd_3512.png InfProd_3513.png

They are symmetric or antisymmetric (depending on n) with respect to x = 1/2 :

InfProd_3514.png

Connection to Bernoulli and Euler numbers :

InfProd_3515.png

Clausen functions and integral :

InfProd_3516.png

InfProd_3517.png

InfProd_3518.png

InfProd_3519.png

Contributors :

(R1) Udo Ausserlechner, Infineon, per email

(R2) Professor Don Zagier, MPI für Mathematik, Bonn

(R3) Stephen, per email

(R4) Erik Vigren, IRF, Uppsala, per email

Created with the Wolfram Language      Download Page    Indefinite Integrals     Definite Integrals